Florence Nightingale Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio Papers

Florence nightingaleFlorence nightingale, a well-educated nurse, was recruited along with 38 other nurses for service in a hospital called Scutari during the Crimean War in 1854 . It was nightingales approaches to nursing that produced amazing results. Florence nightingale was responsible for crucial changes in hospital protocol, a new popular opinion on the capabilities and potential of women, and the creation of a model of standards that all afterlife nurses could aspire towards. Florence nightingale was born on May 12th 1820. Her father, who was a wealthy and intelligent man, believed that women deserved an education. Thus, Florence Nightingale and her sister were educated in Italian, Latin, Greek, History, and Mathematics. This is quite possibly why Ms. Nitghengale was able to achieve what she did in her life. Nightingale excelled at mathematics particularly, and later took on an interest in medicine. At 38 years of age, Nightingale was working as an unpaid overseer of a capita l of the United Kingdom establishment for gentlewomen during illness, and came to the attention of Sidney Herbert, the Secretary of War. Herbert recruited Nightingale work at Scutari in 1854. Nightingale was responsible for changing the building of British medicine and medicinal practice. Before Nightingale applied her methods of sterilisation and organization to Scutari, the hospital was appalling, as were most hospitals in that period of time. What Nightingale found when she arrived at her post was a filthy hospital that was deficient supplies of almost every kind, had dying soldiers forced to sleep on the wicked floor due to lack of beds, and no latrines at all. Under Nightingales leadership, her team up of nurses reduced the mortality rate at the hospital from 60% to a ... ... By M. E. Baly.Encyclopedia Of Medicine. 1989 Edition s.v. History of Nursing. By Charles B.Clyman, MD. Lipsey, Sally. Mathematical preparation in the Life of Florence Nightingale. 18 February1998. (12 declination2000).McDonald, Lynn. Florence Nightingale and the Foundations of Public wellness Care, as seen through her Collected Works. 17 February 2000. (12 December 2000).Medical Creeds. (12 December 2000).Nilaya, Bruce. The Lady With The Lamp. (12 December 2000).Nilaya, Bruce. The Crimean War. (12 December 2000).Orem, Dorothea E. Nursing Concepts of Practice. New York McGraw-Hill BookCompany, 1985.Seacole, Mary. wondrous Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands. New York Oxford University Press, 1988.Terrot, Sarah Anne. Nurse Sarah Anne with Florence Nightingale at Scutari. London J. Murray, 1977.

Tourism to Hong Kong

1. 0 Introduction Hong Kong is wholeness of the most primal touristry destinations in the Pacific Asia region for its unique landscape and shop convenience. According to statistics, a total depend of 41921310 mint visited Hong Kong in 2011, that is 16. 4% more comp bed to 2010 (Hong Kong touristry plank 2012). Total touristry expenditure was 263142. 71 million HK dollars and obtain musical scores for most of them because it is the main purpose for individual visitors (Hong Kong touristry come along 2012).Therefore, to sustain touristry prosperity while seeking ontogenesis in the city, it is necessary to understand its unique geographical features and precisely establish the tourism trends. Meanwhile, analysing factors that put up influenced tourism development forget also append to the study. Besides, eco-tourism and humour issues are discussed as implications for the future. 2. 0 Findings 2. 1 Physical and benignant geography 2. 1. 1 Location Hong Kong is a mounta inous citylocatednearShenzhen, mainland China.There are quaternion main areas in the city, including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, New territories and Outlying islands, and their area add up to 1100 square kilometres (Cullinane&038Cullinane, 2003). For the reason of its unique landscape, virtually 40% of Hong Kong is built up as country places (Cullinane&038Cullinane, 2003). 2. 1. 2 Demography The city enjoys of a population of 6. 7 million, and it is growing at a rate of one million every ten years (Cullinane&038Cullinane, 2003). 2. 1. 3 Political statusFor everyplace 150 years before 1997, Hong Kong had been governed by the British administration, and it became a severalize of Peoples Republic of Chinaonce again on July 1st, 1997 (Cullinane&038Cullinane, 2003). This reunification has brought opportunities and immense transplants in Hong Kong. 2. 2 Pattern of tourism 2. 2. 1 Visitor arrivals innovation 1Visitor Arrivals 2007 2011 (000) Source (Hong Kong touristry Board 2008, 2010, 2012) bit 1 shows the total number of visitors to Hong Kong in every single year from 2007 to 2011.Visitors are divided into trey categories, including overnight visitors, same-day in-town visitors, and Cruise-in/Cruise- pop Passengers. It is indicated in the figure that overnight visitors occupied most of the visitors. send back 1Visitor Arrivals Details by Country/Territory of Residence 2007 2011 (Overnight Visitors 000) Source (Hong Kong tourism Board 2012) Table 1 shows that Mainland China has the most visitors to Hong Kong in the late(prenominal) five years, with an annual growth rate of approximately 15%.Besides, Taiwan, japan, the ground forces and South Korea are also generating a large number of tourists to Hong Kong, star(p) to tourism prosperity of the city. 2. 2. 2 Total tourism expenditure Figure 2Total Tourism Expenditure Associated to Inbound Tourism Source (Hong Kong Tourism Board 2012) Figure 2 shows total tourism expenditure from 2007 to 2011 and the line chart presents an increase trend. The growth rate is rather high in 2010 and 2011 as a result of the tourist boom in those years. 2. 3 Factors that boast influenced tourism in Hong Kong 2. 3. 1 Outbursts of infectious diseasesIn 2003, Severe Acute respiratory Syndrome (SARS) attacked the city of Hong Kong and guide to the devastation of Hong Kong tourism. Originated in southern China, SARS was a mystery to the rest of the world until several people were infected in a hotel in Hong Kong and brought the disease back to their home country. Before dread the danger and risk that would have been brought by SARS, the World Health physical composition (WHO) make a recommendation to the world that Asia, e specificly areas of Hong Kong, Singapore, Mainland China, Thailand, Vietnam, and Taiwan, were non well(predicate) destinations for tourism (McKercher&038 Chon 2004 Kuo et al. 008). This unprecedented announcement caused significant panic in the world, tourists were separated f or no reason after returning to their country, breeding industry was interrupt for disinfection on chicken farms, and Asians were restricted from traveling elsewhere. The mess finally led to the crackdown of tourism in Asia, with Hong Kong suffering the most (McKercher&038 Chon 2004). This outburst of SARS bring out huge hidden dangers in the world tourism system.The governances over-reaction tounclear threat was aught but rational (Mao, Ding &038 Lee 2010). The crisis was a lesson for the world on the relationship between tourism and crisis management, the politics should act more smart so that diseases could be effectively controlled and meanwhile, tourism does non suffer to a great extent. 2. 3. 2Construction of city infrastructure Since the accelerated development of infrastructure in Hong Kong in the 1990s, the number of tourists has experienced a continued increase (Poon, Yu &038 Ng 2001).Tourist infrastructure mainly includes apartments or hotels for accommodation and transportation infrastructure, and the latter consists of facilities for planes, trains, ships and another(prenominal) modes of transportation (Gossling 2002 Khadaroo 2007, 2008). look forers have found that the ability of a city to invoke tourists is largely determined by the level of traffic infrastructure in the city (Khadaroo 2007), for the reason that rational city planningand well construction of ports could stomach convenience for tourists, which leads to smooth trips.Successful travellers are allow foring to recommend their tourism destinations to their friends, and this will further lead to lasting prosperity of that destination. Although most facilities in Hong Kong are relatively complete, there remain rough incompletion. An example is medical facilities require for medical tourism. Hospitals in Hong Kong provide high level healthcare services, and the government attempts to boost medical tourism in the city (Heung, Kucukusta&038 Song 2011). However, the wish of m edical resources ends up to be the barrier which prevents tourists with medical needs from press cutting edge technologies in Hong Kong.As a result, Hong Kong failed to build its reputation as a medical tourism destination. 2. 3. 3 Outbreaks of financial crises Hong Kong has experienced two study financial crises during departed two decades, the Asian financial crisis burst out in 1997 and the world financial crisis in 2008 (Song &038 Lin 2010). This report mainly focuses on consequences that were brought to tourism in Hong Kong by the latter crisis. Table 1 shows that the USA, UK, Japan and Singapore are among the source grocery stores that generate most tourists to Hong Kong.The high market share of long-haul markets indicates that Hong Kong tourism is vulnerable to world economy and thus would be negatively influenced if something went wrong. In 2008, tourists from long-haul markets such as the USA and European countries declined by 10% and hotel rooms were less occupied than ever before (Song et al. 2011). If the tourists increasing rate before the crisis is taken into leaseation, conclusions could be drawn that the financial crisis rattling cloaked tourism in Hong Kong to a great extent.Fortunately, tourists from Mainland China were not greatly influenced by this enormous crisis and visitors continued to travel to Hong Kong. This prevented the city from fantastic losses. Nevertheless, the overall expenditures dropped in 2009 which leads to the conclusion that financial crises could impose great threats to tourism in Hong Kong (Song &038 Lin 2010). 2. 3. 4 Adjustments of policies towards Mainland China After introducing the Individual Visit avoidance on July 28, 2003, citizens of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdongare allowed to apply for visas and visit Hong Kong on anindividual basis (Wu, Li &038 Song 2012).The scheme was implemented forthe acceleration of tourism development in two special administrative regions in China, and it is successful accor ding to statistical results. Statistics show that the number of tourists from the source market of Mainland China increased by 24% in 2003 compared to that of 2002, and most of the growth was contributed by individual visitors (Hong Kong Tourism Board 2012). As a matter of fact, thousands of Mainlanders have boosted into Hong Kong for the purpose of shopping and Hong Kong has become the paradise for shopping in the eyes of Mainlanders ever since (Wu, Li &038 Song 2012).In order to guarantee long-term prosperity of businesses, merchants targeting Mainlanders have made adjustments regarding to shopping customs of Chinese consumers and the crucial point of the efforts is to create an atmosphere of mutual trust and cooperation (Wu, Li &038 Song 2012). Since tourists from Mainland China occupy approximately 60% of total tourists every year, it is important that policies towards Mainland China remain flaccid in the coming years to sustain tourism prosperity in Hong Kong (Hong Kong Touri sm Board 2012). 2. 4 Implications for the future of tourism 2. 4. Sustainable tourism practices Experience has shown that it is almost impossible to develop tourism while maintaining a clean environment at the same time. However, people have been making efforts to seek some extent of harmony and unity between the two. Hong Kong is a perfect city for the development of eco-tourism for it has a spectacular landscape, including mountains, valleys, coasts and islands (Ng &038 Li 2000). Hong Kong government has been successful protecting the citys natural resources, it had the highest percentage of the park area in the worldin 2000 (Ng &038 Li 2000).Besides, Hong Kong enjoys a large variety of two animal and plant species, some of which cannot be found elsewhere in the world (Ng &038 Li 2000). Enchanting as the scenery is in Hong Kong, eco-tourism is not a main form of tourism there. The following factors may account for this result. First of all, Hong Kong is in the sub-tropical zone, and the typical summer is so hot that people will feel uncomfortable to visit popular attractions (Ng &038 Li 2000). punt of all, eco-tourism destinations are usually sensitive to the number of visitors, thus, they normally have a low capacity (Ng &038 Li 2000).Rational management regulations should be made to relaxation tourism satisfaction and the necessary visitor limitationneeded for scenic spots. Finally, more experts in guidance have to be trained to provide information of spots (Ng &038 Li 2000). It seems that there is still a long way to go before eventually launching a successful eco-tourism plan in Hong Kong. 2. 4. 2 Climate change How climate change will affect the pattern of tourism has long been studied. Studies have shown that as climate change will either directly or indirectly influence tourism (Chan &038 Lai 2012).One of the main results of climate change is the rise in temperature. According to statistics, Hong Kongs temperature has been surging during the past 15 years, and it is almost 5 degrees Celsius higher than 10 years ago (Chan &038 Lai 2012). The high temperature will definitely bring uncomforting experiences to tourists,. Thus, it is likely that potential visitors will change their destinations elsewhere. Besides, although some tourists might not consider the temperature increase itself as a crucial factor in find out their destinations, the change due to this phenomenon, such as increased travel expenses, will affect tourism ehaviour to a great extent (Chan &038 Lai 2012). While efforts have been made towards lowering the speed of temperature increase, the results turn out not assuring. Although climate change does not affect tourism in Hong Kong as more as that in tourism-oriented island cities, people should deal will this issue soberly before it is too late. 3. 0 Conclusion In conclusion, although Hong Kong has been through some hard times, the city remains potential as a tourism destination.This report discusses the city of Hong Kong from tourism aspect. As an important city in the Pacific Asia region, Hong Kong has enjoyed a fine reputation among tourists. Its unique landscape and special location have attracted and are still attracting visitors in large scales. During the past two decades, several financial crises have imposed danger on tourism in the city to a great extent, but a few policy adjustments, especially the policy of opening up to Mainland China individual visitors, saved the industry from collapsing.Eco-tourism could be further developed to proportionality economic development and environment protection, but several issues need to be solved before concrete implementation. Climate change is also a challenge that needs early planning, thus, effective efforts demand immediate attention. ? References Chan, GKY &038 Lai, MTH 2012, pinch Climate Change, Carbon-offsetting and their concerns on Travel Behaviour, viewed 24 November 2012, . Cullinane, S , K 2003, Hong Kong urban center Pro file, Cities, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 279-288.Gossling, S 2002, international environmental consequences of tourism, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 283-302. Heung, Vincent CS , Kucukusta, D &038 Song, H 2011, Medical tourism development in Hong Kong An assessment of the barriers, Tourism Management, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 9951005. Hong Kong Tourism Board 2008, A Statistical survey of Hong Kong Tourism 2007, viewed 21 November 2008, http//partnernet. hktb. com/filemanager/publication/143330/Default. hypertext markup language. Hong Kong Tourism Board 2010, A Statistical Review of Hong Kong Tourism 2009, viewed 21 November 2010, http//partnernet. ktb. com/filemanager/publication/143332/Default. html. Hong Kong Tourism Board 2012, A Statistical Review of Hong Kong Tourism 2011, viewed 21 November 2012, . Khadaroo, J , B 2007, Transport infrastructure and tourism development, chronological record of Tourism investigate, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 10211032. Kuo, HI, Chen, CC, Tse ng, WC, Ju, LF &038 Huang, BW 2008, Assessing impacts of SARS and avian Flu on international tourism demand to Asia Original Research Article, Tourism Management, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 917-928.Mao, CK, Ding, CG &038 Lee, HY 2010, Post-SARS tourist arrival recovery patterns An outline based on a catastrophe theory Original Research Article, Tourism Management, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 855-861. McKercher, B &038 Chon, K 2004, The Over-Reaction to SARS and the soften of Asian Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 716719. Ng, CN &038 Li, Y 2000, Eco-tourism in Hong Kong its potentials and limitations, Kiskeya Alternative, viewed 23 November 2012, . Poon, CS, Yu, ATW &038 Ng, LH 2001,On-site sorting of construction and demolition botch in Hong Kong, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 157172. Song, H, Lin, S 2010, Impacts of the Financial and Economic Crisis on Tourism in Asia, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 16-30. Song, H, Lin, S, Wi tt, SF &038 Zhang, X 2011, Impact of financial/economic crisis on demand for hotel rooms in Hong Kong, Tourism Management, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 172186. Wu, DC, Li, G &038 Song, H 2012, Economic Analysis of Tourism spending Dynamics A Time-varying Parameter Demand System Approach, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 667685.

Technolgy and Bullying

Technology and Bullying BY beverage dissertation Statement Cyber Bullying is the modern way to bully. Cyber Bullying is a maturement issue in America. Cyber Bullying affects both genders and all culture groups. imputable to the onset of suicides and homicides America is taking a stand against cyber bullying. Introduction/ automobile trunk Peer to peer bullying has been going on for quite slightly time. My mother use to tell me sticks and stones may break your bones, but names give never hurt me .Even then I am not authorized that I totally agreed with her. Now as an full-grown In todays society, I am sure I do not agree. The times have changed since new technology has made it possible for recent people to bully one another without even having to be feel to face. Teens often turn devices into weapons through the use of social networking websites, chat populate and text messaging Just to name a few. Through these devices they withdraw each other names, be olive-sized, video and threaten kids to in some cases the argue of suicide.Since the onset of Cyber Bullying a word named cybercaf has been created to depict the epidemic of suicides colligate to Cyber Bullying (Belles 2004). Element of he Pew Internet and American feel Survey in 2006 stated that girls are more likely to be cyber bullied then boys. Element further stated that girls between the ages of 15-17 years sure-enough(a) are at the closely risk of cyber bullying. Lastly Element implant that 50% of all social network users have been cyber bullied and as little as 10% have report the crime to their parents.Wesley fryer of the Texas calculator Associations describes cyber buying as impersonating and constant blobbing of a person. Fryer further states that most cyber bullies have no idea the harm the they are doing a unreserved parent intervention old stop the bullying without further intervention. Fryer further states the massive media attention and strict penalties of repeater offenders o f Cyber Bullying is sure to restore trust in the online community pertaining to adolescents.In conclusion the evidence shows that cyber bulling is a problem which needs to be addressed by the parent and the unrestricted at large to be deterred. I believe its important to be educated rough Cyber Belling because it will help deter bullying from happening, it will also show bullies Just what reactions they are causing to the victims notionally, and will show kids who are being bullied that it is k to talk to an adult about it.

Computer Education Technology

sustain to the 1940s, the modern electronic computer was developed at U.S. universities however, in the year, on that point was no computer instruction yet. It needed more 10 geezerhood to have computer education. The period of the computer revolution was 1950 in the U.S.. electronic computer education began in the middle of the 1950s with an organized body of knowledge. likewise japanese the teaching of computer science has been developed in the alike period. During 1955 to 1959, some universities developed their own computers. They organized short courses.Computer technology comes from the U.S. to Japan. Usu onlyy a technology is developed in the U.S.. After that, it comes to Japan so Japanese computer education is late at all and most manuals are pen in English so it is lucky to lean computer for throng who speak English however, most Japanese people who live in Japan cannot understand English so they have to translate English to Japanese to understand the manuals. It n eeds lots time.Usually Japanese universities teach computer to students in Japanese so students have to study not only computer but as well English when they try to drop computer even if they can use Japanese operating system. For example, the command of the computer programming languages are written in English so Japanese students have to have vocabulary their hand, therefore, some students stop learning it. It is so hard for Japanese student.In the near future, computer technology will be needed and crucial for not only students who want to be programmers or engineers but excessively general Japanese people so Japanese computer education has to find their own computer educational system so that people who have no computer knowledge can learn it easily.

Disc Jockey

My idea of a professional life may depend glamorous and perhaps non-conventional. It is not the oddb all of job that children grow up dreaming about. In fact, I am not exactly convinced(predicate) when the obsession or desire to break a saucer moderate a go at it came up exclusively I am sure of the fact that I do want to become a successful unmatchable. To begin, it is not so much the lifestyle, though it would be impossible to admit that there was not a single part of me that wanted to enjoy the same type of lifestyle, but the music. Having the professional rush of a dish antenna screw is exemplar for m each reasons.It allows unitary to work with various artists and in addition exposes unrivalled to the antithetical talents in the music patience. Ones creative talent is similarly allowed to grow and emend as a disk jockey. The exposure to all sorts of music that one is able to create with and blend commits a career as a phonograph record jockey very desirable to myself. onward discussing this chosen profession, however, it is important to first discuss what exactly a disc jockey is. A disc jockey is basically defined as a person who selects, programs and depends music. This music is usually from a prerecorded/preselected tip or selection.This is then mixed and played for each selected audience who suffer either be exit or on the radio or even recorded in a studio for album sales. musical composition the disc jockey profession has typically been considered as merely supplementary, it has been greatly let oned over the years with the developments in the music and recording perseverance such as the introduction of digital formats, which DJs use to create live mixes and incorporate sound samples and thus creating a unique new sound. Income Income wise, DJs make a fairly decent amount of money.The highly seek after disc jockeys usually earn anywhere from US$100,000 to US$250,000 on average every year. There are of style exceptions depending on how sought after the disc jockey is. Starting out, a decently sure-handed and equipped disc jockey chamberpot expect to haul in approximately US$50,000 a year just from hosting events and parties in debar and other functions. There is no credentials or educational improvement required to become a successful disc jockey as even the most famous ones never really received any sort of formal preparedness but instead trained themselves.Neither is bunk a factor as a disc jockey kindle come from any racial rumpground and still become succesful. mayhap the only factor that figures when determining the income of a disc jockey is popularity and demand. workings Conditions The job of a disc jockey pays well but excessively demands a lot from the disc jockey. First off, the working hours are quite a different from the everyday shifts that other professionals have. Being a disc jockey, one must be leave aloneing to work long late hours in the evenings until early mor nings.The demand for a disc jockey is usually during companionship hours which may begin as early as 9 in the evening and last until the wee hours of the morning of the next day. These working hours request that a disc jockey must be able to vary and have sleeping hours that allow for this type of work. The tenor and burn-out rate is very high among disc jockeys because of this. For disc jockeys who are in high demand, the stress is even greater and any type of family season is very difficult. track record jockeys also constantly travel in search of better opportunities and to play at concerts.This means that there is very little eon to book out the day to day affairs. The most important factor is the health factor as disc jockeys are constantly exposed to excessively loud levels of music. Being in such an environment lends to the deterioration of ones hearing and the different hours may also have an achievement on the long term health of any disc jockey. That is why most disc jockeys make sure that they are physically train and well rested before any concert or event. spirit/Skills Being a disc jockey does not require a college degree, much less any educational degree. Though, it is important to receive an education.There is no requirement for a disc jockeys personality although recent studies have shown that skilful communication skills and pleasing personalities always perform better in any professional endeavor. A disc jockey must, however, be able to the right way gauge the mood of the crowd at the event in coiffure to know what type of music to play. The basic skill a disc jockey necessitate is the musical skill. A disc jockey must be able to blend the music and tracks seamlessly. He must be able to know when to insert a certain track or know what type of beat and tempo to add to some other shout to create an entertaining atmosphere.2. ) The most important part of becoming a disc jockey is getting enough real life determine in lodge to know the crowds and events scene. There is no course or educational program that commode adequately prepare someone to become a disc jockey. The best teacher for this type of profession is ensure and musical inclination. Music is similar to fashion and in order for one to become successful it is important to be able to adapt and develop a unique musical signature that crowds enjoy. Education/Training As previously mentioned, there is no requisite degree for a disc jockey.Perhaps the only education a disc jockey needs will come from a professional disc jockey training tutor which is starting to abound in the United States. It does not hurt of course to have a good musical background. One can encrypt in the many music courses in any of the colleges and receive a proper background in order to develop ones skill and learn what types of sounds can blend well. There is no certification for being a disc jockey since professionals in the entertainment application generally do not re quire professional studies in order to practice their profession.Equipment The most important part of being a disc jockey is having the proper equipment, not only to perform better during events but also in order to be able to practice and improve in ones profession. Basic equipment The equipment needed to DJ consists of hold out recordings in a DJs preferred medium (eg. vinyl records, push discs (CDs), reckoner media files) A minimum of two devices to play sound recordings, for alternating back and forth to create a continuous playback of music (e. g. record players, compact disc players, computer media players such as an MP3 player)A sound system for elaboration or broadcasting of the recordings (e. g. portable audio system, PA system) or a radio broadcasting system. A DJ sociable, an electronic two-channel mixer with a crossfader used to smoothly go from one song to another (using two or more playback devices) A microphone, so that the DJ can introduce songs and speak to the audience, and headphones or a monitor speaker, which is used to get wind to one recording while the other is playing, without outputting the sound to the audience). Advanced equipment early(a) equipment can be added to the basic DJ set-up (above) providing unique sound manipulations.Such devices entangle but are not limited to Electronic effects processors (delay, reverb, octave, equalizer, chorus, etc). whatever club DJs use a sub octave effect which creates a very low bass sound and adds it to the mix. A computerized performance system, which can be used with timecode encoded vinyl/CD content to manipulate digital files on the computer in real time. Multi-stylus headshells, which allow a DJ to play different grooves of the same record at the same time. limited DJ digital controller hardware can manipulate digital files on a PC or laptop, by using midi signalsSamplers, electronic musical keyboards (synths), or drum machines. Length of Time In order to become a successful disc jockey, one needs to have enough date or at least have enough talent. There are certain disc jockeys who have gained long success by landing an excellent gig. There are also those who have apprenticed under the more successful disc jockeys and lento worked their way up to stardom. There is no fixed length of time required in order for a person to become a disc jockey as success in this profession is resolute by many things such as popularity and quality of events performed.The best time line for this will be five years from the beginning of training to eventual success. Courses offered for professional disc jockey training last for around sixty (60) days and apprenticeship under a good disc jockey may range anywhere from sic (6) months to one (1) year. Under the normal circumstances, one will be able to gain enough experience and develop a sufficient amount of contacts in the entertainment industry in a span of five (5) years.

Strategic Operation Issues

STRATEGIC OPERATIONS ISSUES ASSIGNMENT TABLE OF FIGURES ABSTRACT5 digress A6 spell B8 PART C10 PART D11 PART E13 extension LIST15 ABSTRACT confederacy A is a global c solelyer-out and within it has several polar business units, come with A , is a work service provider for the oil, gas and petrochemical industries throughout the demesne, this report focuses on Company A hover Field Service Pty Ltd, located in Australia.Operations and cover management be vital functions for the strong stockning of successful businesses, they need to be strategicalalally planned and designed to prevent the handout of vital information, company standardizeds as good as continually improve practises. These attend toes should be well record and understood by all employees of the company. The leaving or resettlement of individuals should not puddle epochal impact on company functioning. This report shows how strategic operations functions can be utilise to improve soures and therefo re plus business hard-hittingness.Key concepts in strategic operations issues, such as process design and analysis, total choice management and resource intend and check off need to be well documented for the dodging to remain effective and to tinge long term strategic goals. PART A account the organisation and the problem briefly, notwithstanding well enough for the assignment examiner to understand what the organisation does and its relevance to this assignment Company A is a global company with many business units located around the world Company A is itself a division of Company B.Company A have extensive companionship of all types of vessel and tower internals. Company A be a specialist service provider supporting guests needs for all their internal equipment installation, shutdown, support or revamp requirements in the petrochemical, and oil and gas industries all over the world. It is Company As strategy to strengthen its ability to supply installation and main tenance services to its customers geographically leading to recent acquisitions, Oceania merging with APA creating APAC.This has end pointed in the relocation of key staff office, within the company, to run untested locations, consequentially losing get word and twenty-four hours to day functional knowledge. Due to an ill documented management system this knowledge and experience was not captured in processes &038 procedures resulting in a breach in the operations of the business. This assignment focuses on Company A Pty Ltd, Australian Operations. PART B Briefly explain the background to this issue or problem by describing how it fits into the operations of the business.Its impact on the business could be demonstrated victimisation a chart to show the functional relationships, and/or a process flow analysis to show how the operation or process that you are studying is integrated into the organisation Company As constitute is varied and unpredictable, resulting in fluctuat ions and depressions in work frequency and raft (Figure 2. 0). Speed, approach and dependability are the important operational factors operate Company As market strategy in taking contracts. Whilst each project is different the process for quoting, receiving the contract and executing the blood are essentially the same (Figure 3. ) . This process was held by a blue number of experienced and long standing employees, when they were reallocated to run otherwise locations, so was the knowledge of project, quoting requirements, Company A capabilities and experience. pic Figure 2. 0 Shows the variation and volume in work load throughout any given year. summons Reporting Figures (2009, 2010, 2011) pic Figure 3. 0 Process Flow chart of Company A research through to Project Completion PART C Provide brief specific elaborate of the operational issue, problem or process that needs to be addressed.For example, this might includes Key objectives, success factors and transaction of the issue in question Opportunities or implications for changes to the process or techniques cosmos used now Resource implications or constraints Technologies and/or work force issues pertain in the process etc. Company As load business revolves around winning contracts these contracts are found upon man-hours that is, the condemnation it would fulfil to have a go at it the scope of work provided by the guest. Any deviation from the budgeted man-hours results in reduced profit margins, poor on m delivery, customer dissatisfaction and loss of reputation.Therefore it is vital when quoting for a project all quality, follows, man-hours and materials are factored in. The relocation of personnel and subsequent lose of experience and personnel knowledge outlined a gap between assumed knowledge and documented procedures, as whilst the process to quote and win projects was essentially the same, it was not well documented and new employees were unable to successfully quote for a p roject. This not nevertheless give affect Company As bottom line but will result in inconsistent quotations and impact on employee production line satisfaction.This has brought forward the need for a documented, maintained and reviewed Quality Management System, whereby, procedures, standard documents and templates can be used which capture all associated costs, project, client and company requirements. PART D Analyse the problem using concepts covered in the appropriate part of this subject (this should be the major part of your work and your report). In analysing the problem, you should consider the five main objectives of operations management changes to surgical operation or outcomes (such as quality, productiveness etc. potential improvements relevant speculation calculations where possible and any information about the costs involved. As speed, cost and on time delivery are the key to being awarded contracts, high school importance needs to be placed on these factors an d would be where strategic planning would be focused. Whilst quality and flexibility play a significant role in Company As application, quality is unremarkably fixed by the client as they know what they want achieved, as is flexibility, what they want and when they want it is usually not negotiable, especially as they are working to deadlines for their customers.The quotes that are presented to the client not only need to meet the operations objectives of cost and speed, but as well as dependability that is, is what they have quoted an entire reflection of what can be practically achieved, have they over estimated the man-hours or underestimated the man hours? This is vital to get right as an overestimation results in an incr tranquillized cost, making us less competitive, and therefore losing the contract. An underestimate would result in inadequate time to complete the project and the extra cost would be worn by Company A.Not only would cost be an issue, but that would affect our reputation as a specialist provider, step-down customer satisfaction and therefore be less considered by the client when submitting a quote next time. The number and variety of different manpower needed is based on specification of output as well as aggregated capacity that is the number of man hours is then used to calculate how many men/days it would take to complete the lineage based on a ten hour day. The data for estimating an enquiry has been developed over time, using past experience, company expectations and feedback from the contractors required to do the work.The man-hours required to complete standardised services have been established using the top down and bottom up approach, this knowledge withal has not been transcribed to a standard document, in order for consistency in quotations, this should be developed. This will increase productivity, the time taken to complete the quotes and would too facilitate improvement. The structure of Company A having high varia tion in the demand for services, along with the volume and variety of when and where these services are penalise makes capacity management and scheduling difficult, thus reducing capacity (Slack et al, 2010).Being a highly variable business according to Slack et al, 2010, process divergence results in simultaneous waiting and resource underutilisations, Company A has managed this capacity demand in off peak times of the year with only hiring a core set of permanent employees, responsible for key operational issues, such as planning, customer liaison and information integration. When a credit line is awarded short term contracts are issued to trades personnel to complete the core mechanism of the project, once the project is completed the personnel are terminated, thus preventing underutilisation of resources.This however brings with it another problem that is the availableness of obtaining the competent personnel for that project and alike the lack of consistency with staff work ing for Company A . The availability of staff, location of the project and type of work, needs to be factored into the resource planning and quoting for the client. As stated in Slack et al, 2010, resource planning, is concerned with managing apportioning of resources and activities for process efficiency and effectiveness in satisfying customer demand. The implications are seen in the three main operations objectives that is quality, speed and cost.If there is insufficient man power available to complete the work, the job will run over time, resulting in cost of poor quality, and reputation with the client. This can also affect the quality of work conducted, as personnel could be stretched, or there may be insufficient trades to complete the job to quality requirements. The variety of different staff used, results again in loss of experience and knowledge in the work that we do, being a highly specialised service, it is important to maintain highly skilled individuals.This variety could impact on the man hours budgeted as you would have to account for learning new skills, other variables such as a work ethic, availability of resources etc The use of precise work instructions, inductions or retention periods could be a viable solution. PART E Provide brief recommendations for improving the process including comparisons of your recommendations against the current system, and details of changes needed to correct the problem or improve the situation. You should include a rudimentary action plan or relevant time signifier for implementation of your recommendations.Bear in mind that your recommendations should be potentially cost effective i. e. you must argue the changes from the point of view of their potential to improve cost, quality, output, productivity etc. In order to overcome the operational issue of loss of resources and valuable information, a well implemented quality management system, based on ISO 9001 2008 should be implemented, with detailed work instructions, procedures and processes. The current system as it stands is inconsistent, highly variable and not well documented.Creating documented processes and procedures, consistency, application and ease of use will be beneficial to new/old employees with all assumed knowledge being captured and modify with succession planning. The implementation of a quality system would be a time consuming process involving a number of resources as the time to collate, document, review and approve procedures and processes would be lengthy. The application of designated individual would cut down the time needed to complete this project.The impacts of introducing a recognised Quality Management System such as ISO90012008 would be far more beneficial than the initial cost/time taken to implement it. Not only would quality of projects be increased, receivable to standardisation of the processes, but costs would be seen in the reduction of dual handling and waste. As all facets of the company w ould be documented the knowledge of what is presented to the client would increase and therefore cost, time to complete projects, quality of quotations and time to complete these would be reduced.The continuous review process would also enable consistent improvements and company growth. (Figure 5. 0) Having an externally certified system, which is not a necessary for winning contracts with clients, would see us as a better chance against other competitors without certification and could increase our chances of winning contracts. pic Figure 5. 0 integrating of Quality Management System into Business operations. Reference. Company A IMS REFERENCE LIST Slack, N. , Chambers, S. , Johnston, R. and Betts, A. , 2009, Operations andProcess Management, 2nd ed, Prentice Hall Company A (2011), http//ctnet. Company A . com/desktopdefault. aspx, International Direct Contact Resources Business unit of measurement Power Point, , April 2011 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 OFFER REJECTED L OSS OF WORK PROJECT plan PROJECT EXECUTED NO QUOTATION? SIGN geld CONTRACT REVIEW GENERATE PROPOSAL REVIEW OFFER RETURN TO leaf node WITH A SUITABLE LETTER DECLINING QUOTATION ACCEPTANCE OF OFFER (CONTRACT) accept ISSUE TO CLIENT REGISTER ENQUIRY AND QUOTE FOR JOB accredited REQUEST TO BID FOR CONTRACT FROM CLIENT

Brief In Support Of Defendant’s Motion To Dismiss

On July 2, twain hundred3, John John, the complainant, resigned from his employment at the City of Weirton. Plaintiff decl ard that he experienced harassment from his colleagues and from the management while operative at the City of Weirton. He cited several incidences such as a fellow employee pulling down his pants and shaking his buttocks at him and the frequent summons to the office of the manager for flimsy reasons such as the tardiness of an opposite employee or anformer(a) persons absences or existence written up for no valid reason at all.As a result, he was forced to resign from employment. Plaintiff alleged that the conduct he experienced from his employer and from his colleagues forced him to resign from his employment even though that was against his will. He filed this fit out for outlaw(a) termination. Plaintiff filed this suit at the Brooke County Circuit Court. II. beat of LawUnder Rule 12 (b) of the West Virginia Civil Rules of Procedure Every acknowledgmen t, in law or fact, to a claim for stand-in in any(prenominal) pleading, whether a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, shall be asserted in the responsive pleading on that pointto if one is required, except that the following defence forces may at the filling of the pleader be made by relocation (1) lack of legal power over the subject matter, (2) lack of jurisdiction over the person, (3) wrong locale, (4) insufficiency of process, (5) insufficiency of service of process, (6) failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, (7) failure to join a party below Rule 19.III. Argument a) The court should grant brief in animation of motion to dismiss because the Brooke County Circuit Court is not the proper locale for this suit. The tyrannical Court of Appeals of West Virginia has extensively answered the question of venue in a civil action in the United Bank, Inc. v. Blosser, No. 32691. Citing the 56-1-1 of the W. Va. Code, the Supreme Court of A ppeals of West Virginia stated that a) Any civil action or other proceeding, except where it is otherwise specially provided, may here aft(prenominal) be brought in the circuit court of any county (1) Wherein any of the defendants may tarry or the cause of action aroseWell-settled is the rule in statutory tress that when a statute is clear and unambiguous then there is no room for its interpretation. Its plain meaning should be accepted and applied without the subscribe to for interpretation. In this study, the cause of action arose in the autograph County where the City of Weirton is located. It is there where the act of wrongful termination was committed. There could be no other venue for this wrongful termination suit except in the autograph County. Venue relates not to jurisdiction but to trial.It touches convenience, not substance. However, the choice of venue for filing civil suits should not be left to the plaintiffs whim and caprices. Facts such as judicial economy, prop er administration of jurist and the convenience of the parties must not be taken for granted since they are the reasons for which the rules of military operation and venue were formulated. In this case, since the City of Weirton is located at 200 Municipal Plaza, Weirton, West Virginia which is at Honcock County there could be no other venue except the Hancock County.B) Court should grant brief in support of Motion to cast out because the motion to dismiss on the priming coat of improper venue was timely filed pursuant to the doctrine enunciated in the case of Higgins v. alpha Burnett (01-801) The Supreme Court of Arkansas in the case of Brenda Higgins v. Alpha Burnett, et al, Opinion delivered June 6, 2002, discussed the importance of filing the defense of improper venue at the earliest opportunity. That case involved an action for fraud and conversion filed against two defendants residing in Lonoke County. The suit was filed in Faulkner County Circuit Court.The defendants filed their answer which was generally in the nature of mere denials. They did not raise any affirmative defense of improper venue nor did they reserve the right to raise this defense. It was only after fourteen months that they filed their motion to dismiss raising as a defense improper venue. The trial court granted the motion and dismissed the suit. In reversing the trial courts decision, the Supreme Court of Arkansas say that the defense of improper venue had been waived by the defendants when they failed to raise the same at the time they filed their responsive pleading.Because appellees did not raise their valid defense of improper venue in the answer, or by motion filed prior to or simultaneously with the answer, we hold that the defense was waived therefore, the case is reversed and remanded Ordinarily, the rules of civil procedure must be liberally construed. However, the provisions on period in spite of appearance which to raise certain defenses are strictly applied as they a re deemed indispensable to the prevention of needless delays and they are necessary to the speedy dismiss of judicial business. In this case, the defendant has timely filed his defense of improper venue.The motion to dismiss should therefore be granted. IV. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, defendant respectfully requests that this Court grants defendants motion to dismiss this suit for wrongful termination on the ground of improper venue. Following the W. Va. Code 56-1-1, the suit shall be filed in the county where the defendant resides or where the cause of action arose which is Hancock County where the City of Weirton is situated. CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that the supra Brief In Support of Defendants Motion to Dismiss was served upon the Plaintiff on August , 200 by mailing a true copy by certified mail to

Pay for performance Essay

Motivation, Performance, and PaybonussFinancial rewards paid to workers whose employment exceeds a predetermined standard. soulfulness DifferencesLaw of individual differencesThe fact that peck differ in psycheality, abilities, values, and needs. Different people react to different inducements in different centerings. Managers should be aw be of employee needs and fine-tune the incentives offered to knock againsts their needs. Money is not the only motivator.Employee Preferences for Non exchange IncentivesNeeds and MotivationAbraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs five whatever increasingly higher-level needsphysiological (food, water, sex)security (a safe environment)social (relationships with others) self-assertion (a sense of personal worth)self-actualization (becoming the desired self)Lower level needs must(prenominal) be satisfied before higher level needs cease be addressed or become of interest to the individual.Herzbergs hygieneMotivator theoryHygienes (extrinsic job fa ctors)Inadequate working conditions, salary, and incentive be merchantman causedissatisfaction and prevent satisfaction. Motivators (intrinsic job factors)Job enrichment (challenging job, feedback and comprehension) addresses higher-level (achievement, self-actualization) needs. The best way to motivate someone is to organize the job so that doing it helps satisfy the persons higher-level needs.Edward DeciIntrinsically motivated behaviors be motivated by the underlying need for competence and self-determination. Offering an extrinsic reward for an intrinsically-motivated act can conflict with the acting individuals internal sense of responsibility. both(prenominal) behaviors are best motivated by job challenge and recognition, others by financial rewards.Instrumentality and RewardsVrooms Expectancy TheoryA persons motivation to exert some level of sudor is a function of three things Expectancy that effort will premise to effect.Have to have the skills to do the jobInstrumen tality the connection mingled with performance and the appropriate reward. Goal must be attainablevalency the value the person places on the reward.Motivation = E x I x VIf any factor (E, I, or V) is zero, then there is no motivation to work toward the reward. Employee confidence building and training, accurate appraisals, and noesis of workers desired rewards can increase employee motivation.Types of Incentive PlansPay-for-performance plansVariable accept (organisational emphasis)A team or group incentive plan that ties contain to some mea current of the sozzleds overall profitability. Variable pay (individual focus) either plan that ties pay to individual productivity or profitability, unremarkablyas one-time lump payments.Pay-for-performance plansIndividual incentive/recognition programsSales recompense programs team up/group-based multivariate pay programsOrganizationwide incentive programsExecutive incentive compensation programsIndividual Incentive PlansPiecework Plan sThe worker is paid a sum (called a get together rate) for each unit he or she produces. Straight piecework A inflexible sum is paid for each unit the worker produces under an realized piece rate standard. An incentive may be paid for especial(a) the piece rate standard. Standard hour plan The worker gets a premium equal to the percent by which his or her work performance exceeds the established standard.Pro and cons of pieceworkEasily understandable, equitable, and powerful incentives.Employee resistance to changes in standards or work processes affecting output signal Quality problems caused by an overriding output focus.Employee dissatisfaction when incentives either cannot be earned due to external factors or are withdrawn due to a lack of need for output chastity payA permanent cumulative salary increase the degenerate awards to an individual employee based on his or her individual performance. Merit pay options yearbook lump-sum chastity raises that do not do the raise go against of an employees base salary. Merit awards tied to both individual and organizational performance.Incentives for professional employeesProfessional employees are those whose work involves the application oflearned intimacy to the solution of the employers problems. Lawyers, doctors, economists, and engineers.Decisions can be challengingThese individuals are already well paid and are driven to succeed Possible incentivesBonuses, livestock options and grants, profit sharingBetter vacations, more flexible work hoursbetter pension plansEquipment for home officesRecognition-based awardsRecognition has a positive impact on performance, either alone or in conjunction with financial rewards. feature financial rewards with nonfinancial ones produced performance improvement in service firms most twice the effect of using each reward alone. Day-to-day recognition from supervisors, peers, and team members is important.Online award programsPrograms offered by online incentives fir ms that improve and expedite the awards process. Broader range of awards more(prenominal) immediate rewardsInformation technology and incentivesEnterprise incentive management (EIM) parcel that automates the planning, calculation, modeling and management of incentive compensation plans, enabling companies to align their employees with corporeal strategy and goals.Incentives for SalespeopleSalary planStraight salariesBest for prospecting (finding new clients), placard servicing, training customers salesforce, or participating in content and local trade shows. Commission planPay is only a percentage of salesSpecialized Combination PlansCommission-plus-drawing-account planCommissions are paid but a draw on future earnings helps the sales representative to get through low sales periods. Commission-plus-bonus planPay is more often than not based on commissions.Small bonuses are paid for directed activities exchangeable selling slow-moving items.Organizationwide Variable Pay PlansPr ofit-sharing plansCash plansEmployees receive cash shares of the firms profits at regular intervals. The Lincoln incentive systemProfits are distributed to employees based on their individual merit rating. Deferred profit-sharing plansA predetermined portion of partnership profits is placed in each employees account under a confidenceees supervision.Organizationwide Variable Pay Plans (contd)Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)A alliance annually contributes its own stockor cash (with a delimitate of 15%) to be used to purchase the stockto a trust established for the employees. The trust holds the stock in individual employee accounts and distributes it to employees upon separation from the firm if the employee has worked long enough to earn ownership of the stock. Advantages of ESOPsEmployeesESOPs help employees develop a sense of ownership in and commitment to the firm, and help to build teamwork. No taxes on ESOPs are due until employees receive a distribution from the trust, usually at retirement when their tax rate is lower.At-Risk Variable Pay PlansAt-risk variable pay plans that put some portion of the employees weekly pay at risk. If employees meet or exceed their goals, they earn incentives. If they fail to meet their goals, they forgo some of the pay they would normally have earned.Short-Term Incentives for Managers And ExecutivesAnnual bonusPlans that are designed to motivate short-term performance of managers and are tied to company profitability. Eligibility basis job level, base salary, and impact on profitability Fund size basis nondeductible formula (net income) or deductible formula (profitability) Individual awards personal performance/contribution long-run Incentives for Managers And ExecutivesStock optionThe right to purchase a specific phone number of shares of company stock at a specific price during a specific period of time.Other Executive IncentivesGolden handshakePayments companies make to departing executives in connection with a change in ownership or control of a company. Guaranteed loans to directorsLoans provided to buy company stock.A highly idle and now frowned upon practice.Creating an Executive Compensation PlanDefine the strategic condition for the executive compensation program. Shape each component of the package to focus the manager on achieve the firms strategic goals. pee-pee a stock option plan to meet the needs of theexecutives and the company and its strategy. Check the executive compensation plan for compliance with all healthy and regulatory requirements and for tax effectiveness. Install a process for reviewing and evaluating the executive compensation plan whenever a major business change occurs.Why Incentive Plans FailYou get what you pay for.Pay is not a motivator.Rewards fracture relationships.Rewards undermine intrinsic motivation.Implementing Effective Incentive PlansAsk Is effort clearly instrumental in obtaining the reward? Link the incentive with your strategy.Make sure effort and rewards are directly related.Make the plan easy for employees to understand. particularise effective standards.View the standard as a contract with your employees. get under ones skin employees support for the plan.Use good measurement systems.Emphasize long-term as well as short-term success.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimers disorder does non toss off instantly it destroys the undivided bite by bit, tearing away at their soulfulness-hood and self-identity. Most dupes suffer for 9 to 15 days later on blast of the illness. It is the about greens reference of derangement in the United States and Canada and after age 40, the risk of growth it doubles with aging e truly 5.1 historic period during self-aggrandisings life sen cristalce.A form of dementia, the DSM-IV-Rs (Diagnostic and statistical Manual) criteria for diagnosing dementia include disablement in short- and prospicient-term memory, at least adept(a) of the following prejudice in abstract thinking, stricken judgement, former(a) disturbances of higher cortical functioning, character change, signifi peckt interference with work, kind activities, or relationships, in addition, symptoms do non occur exclusively during the tier of delirium and specific etiologic native factor is evidenced or mountain be presumed. Fo r an exclusive with this ineffable affection, biography with memory acquittance and its associated disabilities atomic descend 18 precise frightening.Alzheimers includes deportgenial characteristics that ex turn tail beyond its cognitive explanations. These airs claim study because of the influence on twain(prenominal) the long- pitiable and c begiver. Treatment oftentimes reckons to drugs for hiatus of symptoms and to slow the course of advancing decline, rather than on assisting the case-by-case with contend mechanisms. It has been termed a family unhealthiness, non sole(prenominal) because of potential drop ancestral relation amongst dupes, just because family outgrowths translate 80 percent or more of the c argon giving. Chronic and modernized mental and physiologic damage cliff the dupes capacity for independence and enlarge the take aim for fight back from family members c argon for the victim at home.The victim attempts to misrepresent sense of a manifestly newborn and hostile world, and this leads to dubious and uncharacteristic changes in behavior, reputation, laste-making, function, and mood. Certain symptoms that ar often associated with depression whitethorn be push-down storage in long-sufferings who be cognitively impaired further non depressed. Professionals must be witting of every the symptoms the long-suffering is experiencing, and reports from family members must too be taken into account. The uncomplaining usu whollyy reports fewer negative sprightlinessings or mood problems than are set by health professionals.Patients often attempt to foil up their distemper by modifying the behaviors of others, rather than identifying their own inevitable retrogression. Fears of the unk instantern, fears of abandonment, move frustration tolerance, and loss of whimsy control whitethorn settlement in problematic behavior. Also, appropriate behavior may but be forgotten, and faces of fami ly members and friends unfamiliar. However, the victim of Alzheimers often denies these symptoms. More obvious, sluice to themselves are the expression of emotions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as panic and deprivation. Experiences such as earlier retirement and anticipated changes in the responsibilities of everyday life are never figured. The in efficiency to drive a car is especially awing and frustrating for few. Self-esteem and sense of value plummet. Individuals with Alzheimers lose their capability to plan, postp wizard, wait, or predict the outcomes of their actions. Family members very often snitch to attribute losses uniform to those anteriorly menti hotshotd to a unhealthiness. They tend to cover the existence of the complaint.Family members may go through a period of defense lawyers in which they make excuses for the enduring, attributing the problems they bechance to normal aging, emphasis, etc. Alzheimers unsoundness creates new demands on the family, who make water to strike numerous roles. The parent, once the particular primary allot provider to their fryren, is now like a child receiving burster. from each atomic number 53 family member outlines the positioning variantly, but pomp common management behaviors that allow be discussed moreover. in spite of appearance these corresponding aims of management, reflection of individual attitudes is obvious due to unique interpretations of the make ups.The fellow is usually the primary phencyclidine of the unhurried, but when unable to provide the care necessary, an adult child is the roughly apt(predicate) candidate. These adult children fear that the unsoundness terrorizing their family and destroying a love unmatchable will be hereditary. Negative behavior changes that are undergone by the victim have study effects on the caregiver. psychic health and life satisfaction of the caregiver seem to decrease rapidly, but according to Lisa Gwyther (1994), the identify to minimizing these effects is to strategically change responses by the human and somatic environment. ever-changing the responses of the outside world, rather than attempting to change the responses of the individual with the disease helps to organize hard changes.Experienced checkmates and wise families learn to debar the uncomplaining rather than acquaint them on their shortcomings. They should learn to enrich the victims joy in each moment, branch line preserved memories and skills to arrest the victims positive smackings of competence, belonging, productivity, and self-esteem. reproducible reassurance and un retardal love are vital to peace and harmony indoors the family.The patient experiences degeneration of short-term memory, which often results in misplacement of object glasss and forgetting the name of familiar people. They have paradoxical or imaginary fears that make them suspect of those closest to them, and they may imply others of theft and/ or infidelity. This is a extraction of change magnitude frustration, confusion, distress, and irritability on the character of both the patient and the family. As a result, those involved may rely on alcohol and drugs to calm the stresses of coming to terms with the disease. some(prenominal) families of victims either fail to sample, or do non receive a correct checkup diagnosis. They tend to exit over-involved and angry, stages necessary in the edge of adjustment. The family members attempt to counterweigh the losses experienced by the patient, because the deterioration is beginning to get down obvious. Their anger, not necessarily with the patient, stems from the burden, embarrassment, and frustrations caused by the patients behavior. consign is reported to be highest in this phase of mild dementia.When the spouse is the primary caregiver (in compare with adult children or others), care is more comp permite, and slight stress, scrap, and ambivalence are observed. Spo uses tend to look for activities, or ways of translation the patients behavior, that reserve for a act adult relationship, rather than a parent- child one, which may belittle the patient. psychological stress results from date between resentment, anger, ambivalence, and guilt, self-blame, and the hurting of watching a love one deteriorate. Caregivers alike report sensible fatigue from providing care to their regressing loved one. Of all of these, the nearly herculean is acting the basic daily activities for the patient, and heading with upsetting behavior.Proactive approaches towards treatment of the disease involve the conscious decision that success is achievable, both for the patient and family- unluckily this is something that most afflicted individuals witness too late. In addition, the victims of Alzheimers may or may not serve to legitimate images of pr tied(p)tive. A patient may react to one lineament of treatment one minute and not the next. Immediate, ob servable changes in patient and family behavior, function, and mood were noted when caregivers learned to offprint the resolution of the problem from the excogitation of the patient. For example, rather than confronting a patient or assigning blame when an object is lost, the caregiver replaces the item the patient claimed stolen. In this way, unnecessary stress and accent are eliminated for both patient and caregiver.Each family member experiences a homogeneous offset of coming to terms with the changes. This process includes three stages describing how the victim is the alike, and/or divers(prenominal), prior to disease bombardment, rewriting the indistinguishability of the victim, and redefining the relationship with the victim. During the first stage, family members look for behaviors that still represent the victims true self, and those that the person with Alzheimers no longer has. In the second stage, the disease and individual with the disease must be seen as two in one. Part of the clamber in this stage is to maintain the adult identity of the victim mend managing their child-like fates.Still, in the third stage of the adapting process, major problems pass over to present themselves. These may include family and tender disruptions, increased marital conflicts, and employment-related difficulties. Family members are usually not aware of one-anothers view blames they do not understand that they are not all seeing the victim the homogeneous way. Due to the fact that they are not all having the same type of relationship with the victim, paths towards the common goal of attaining highest level of function for the victim may be divided. As a result, the more effort individual family members order into achieving this goal, the more conflict is created. However, it individuals voice their dissimilar perspectives and encourage discussion, this may allow the family to function as a fare whole. Understanding between family members can be coupled with sociable musical accompaniment concourses ideas about the disease.A kind network may be in force(p) in protecting individuals with perch diseases from some of the negative effects. An active organization, The Alzheimers Disease and Related Disorders Association (ADRDA) work out a network of individuals and families affected with dementia. The pep pill at which this network is festering is clear evidence of the need for more groups like it. Information sacramental manduction, encouragement, and formulation of cordial jump are among the crimp objectives of such groups.A military commission at the St. Louis Chapter of the Alzheimers Association developed throw off Esteem to provide turned on(p) intervention for people with Alzheimers in the unretentive phase. Its purpose is to provide opportunities to piece thoughts and qualitys with peers and professionals, and to have some fun.It came about as two separate groups, one being individuals with Alzheimers and th e other, caregivers. Reported feelings related to dementia from both groups include anger, anxiety, stress, acceptance, and frustration. The number of individuals who report negative feelings greatly surmount those of acceptance.At initial meetings, bonding is established through the sharing of early memory experiences. Gradually, comfort comes from sagacious that the victims are not alone thither are others with the same restrictions. The identification that the victims are ordinary people with a chronic illness, rather than an intractable mental illness, is comforting. Overall, the most strong deal occurs when the individual recognizes their own mental change, realizes the diagnosis, and deals with the unexpected attitudes of others. Benefits of group support in this early stage of Alzheimers are considerable. Individuals sharing similar situations gain brainwave and encouragement through communicatory exchange when real world suggestions were needed, and non- verbally w hen words were manifestly not accessible. However, as word comprehension and cornerstone wrenchs increasingly difficult, the individual enters a new stage of disease development. short-run memory, orientation, and concentration are now severely impaired. Throughout this stage, remote memory, keen functioning, comprehension, and judgement decline steadily. world power to care for ones self alike declines, and eternal sleep patterns are altered this is a severe blow to the patients independence and self-esteem. The patient then becomes suspicious and paranoid, til now of those closest to them. Likelihood of involvement in accidents at home and pervert of medication increase. Behaviors may include night vagabondage, night shouting, and nocturnal micturition (night- time urination). Obviously, traditional family behaviors and moveive patterns realize drastic alteration.Family members begin to feel guilty for their impatience and intolerance of the patient, even though many a(prenominal) of the demands of the patient are unrealistic and illogical. A major problem for those closest to the patient is readjusting expectations of the patient and themselves. Changes and problematic behavior become a source of stress during this phase, but overall limitation and conflict is reported to decrease, which may simply be the result of macrocosmalization of the victim. Use of drugs is install to be twice as high in care-givers as in community subjects, and care-givers often let their own health deteriorate.Particularly for the spouses caregivers, mixer isolation becomes an issue of psychological well being. Lack of time, energy, and interest in social activities becomes prominent as the deterioration of the patient increases. In one study, spouses of patients exhibited higher levels of stress, in simile to adult children caregivers but husbands, in comparison to wives, report fewer burdens, and are more willing to admit the encumbrance of the tasks at hand and seek out professional help. liberal male person children are as likely as women are to assist their parents, but the men appeared to have the ability to distance themselves from the aging parent. This physical and delirious separation seemed to lower the add together of guilt felt by the men. perchance because of these differing abilities to deal with the disease, there is often conflict between family members as to how to care for the victim.Two broad coping techniques of family members of Alzheimer victims are (1) Distancing techniques and (2) Enmeshing techniques. Distancing techniques (as discussed earlier) involve establishing distance between the patient and caregiver both emotionally and physically. Enmeshing techniques involve the intensification of the relationship, and often the forcing out of others. This option is usually observed in cases where the spouse is the primary caregiver. Apparently, it is very difficult for spouses who use the Enmeshing technique to be come involved in social support groups.Social support is a proven mediator and alleviator of family stress and patient dejection. Adult day care programs provide break of serve for family members, and allow the patient to interact with individuals with similar conditions. Generally, the patients see the support group as being most helpful in the areas of teaching sharing and peer support. This information and financial aid may help determine the potentiality of the individual in in conclusion stages of the disease.This phase is the final stage of Alzheimers disease. Mental deterioration is complete many patients are completely unaware of, or unable to respond to their surroundings. The patients are altogether dependent on others for all aspects of daily living.The patient will, most likely, not identify family and friends, and may not communicate at all. Paranoia, agitation, and combativeness increase significantly, if the patient is able to display these emotions at all. He/ she in conclusion becomes extremely weak, incontinent, non-ambulatory and bedridden. It has been hypothe surfaced that at least some of the premorbid changes in strength and failing may be predicted from changes observed in the earlier stages. Descriptions by caregivers of premorbid privateity traits of the victim are similar to symptoms of depression, hallucinations, and delusions. It is during this stage that most victims are admitted to an institution for professional care. Several behavioral problems such as aggression and wandering appear to increase as individuals are moved from the community to care for homes.Acceptance of this disturbing disease comes very slowly to the family members. The diseases sly onset and the original appearance by the victim of retention of regular physical vigor make acceptance increasingly difficult. As the disease progresses further and further, the changes that occur for the victim become increasingly obvious and family members tend to define the situation more similarly than in previous, seemingly inconspicuous stages.The sorrow process is lengthy, because the death of the person is long before the death of the physical body. Although the loved one is long gone, their carapace lives on.At some loony toons during this stage, the spouse must undergo the final challenge of marital evaluation. Because the patient does not recognize anyone, the spouse is totally alone, but not single. Obtaining a divorce often creates many difficult legal issues. Many caregivers need assistance coping with the guilt of abandoning their spouse when placing them in a care for home. Thus, financial problems come into the picture. Paying for nurse home services is difficult, as all effort in previous years has been put into fondness for the patient.Relatives of deceased victims can be compared to those whose family member is still living. Wives and husbands display similar feelings of burden, but the husbands report more social limitation s. On the contrary, sons and daughters are different in their descriptions of burden. Sons report less social limitations than daughters do, and less affective limitation when the demented parents had died. The sons of the deceased elderly withal report less conflict with others than the daughters do.The need for individual support for the caregiver and family of the deceased is important, especially at this stage of sorrow. there may similarly be a sense of relief and release, as the extensive suffering of a loved one has ultimately ended. The empty body, which once contained a loved one, can finally be put to rest. Help and support from the staff at institutions with transaction with the grief of the final loss of a loved one is valuable and most definitely appreciated.Alzheimers Disease is a ceaseless debilitating disease without known cause or bring to. impairment of mental and physical processes is inevitable, but varies between individuals- the cause for this variance h as only been looked at hypothetically. It is a rattling(a) disease for the victim, who is evermore aware of the losses that are occurring, but can do nothing to prevent the disease from proceeding on its fiendishly course. Family members respond to the disease within certain guidelines, but the attitude towards the different stages differs for all involved. Social support systems have proven extremely effective for both the victim and caregiver in the Forgetful phase of the illness. From that point on, influence on patients decreases significantly, but personal gain for caregivers continues. in that respect is an obvious need for publicly funded support for Alzheimers disease victims and their families. The obvious lack of information concerning the symptoms and results of the disease show the necessity for incorporation of education and support into intervention strategies for caregivers. Evaluation of a patient with thinkable dementia requires a complete medical history, neu rologic evaluation, and physical examination. At the present time, no symptomatic tests for Alzheimers are available in laboratories.It is simply a diagnosis base on elimination of other diseases. There is great need for a biological marker that would confirm the diagnosis of Alzheimers in a living patient. Rapid progress has been made in identifying a potential familial marker that could be used to describe the disease without autopsy, biopsy, or blanket(a) evaluations. Potential disadvantages of this approach would be the faltering of both patients and physicians to have lumbar punctures done, and the potential overlap of normal patients and Alzheimer sufferers. These potential markers are a glimpse of light at the end of a dark tunnel.Metaphorically, Alzheimers can be seen as a star sign that is constantly being eaten by termites, from the internal out. Although the house may look the same on the outside, the very unveiling of the house, the part that makes it a home, dete riorates. Attempts to stop the radioactive decay are futile and, at best, temporary. Eventually, one will not feel comfortable at home, and will most likely leave the home- possibly for someone else to deal with. This relief is also temporary. The eating away of the house continues, until it eventually topples into an unrecognizable masses of what used to be a home. This feeling was best described by one individual in the kernel stages of the disease (J)ust a ridiculous lost world. Im here but I dont know where I am.Alzheimer&8217s diseaseAlzheimers disease is one of most prevalent medical conditions that affect the older sector of society. More and more people continue to suffer from this disease, but at present, there is still no cure available. So what causes Alzheimers disease? What are its effects, and are there any possible solutions for this condition? This essay would delve into the aforementioned details of Alzheimers disease. Before the temper of Alzheimers disease ca n be discussed, it is important to first define what dementia is.This is because Alzheimers disease is identified as the most general cause buttocks the dementia not only in America but also throughout the world. Dementia refers to a syndrome which generally damages a persons daily functioning. This is because the memory is impaired, as well as other thinking capabilities, such as reasoning and thought organization. Even the capacity for language and sight is also affected. Due to the memory decline, simple activities become difficult and patients need assistance from others since they cannot take care of themselves anymore.Consequently, Alzheimers disease is a medical condition which affects the brain it is a disease that slowly develops, damaging ones memory and other mental processes. These include reasoning, planning, language, and perception. It is believed that the disease is caused by the overproduction or amassment of the protein called beta-amyloid this protein is believe d to result in the demise of nerve cells. The condition worsens as time goes by and can lead to death.The possibility of acquiring Alzheimers disease increases as one ages, especially when one reaches the age of 70. Those who are beyond 85 years of age are most likely to be affected. However, it is important to point out that though memory loss is a normal part of aging, something as severe as Alzheimers disease is not part of it. Alzheimers disease was first discovered in 1906 by a German restore named Alois Alzheimer in 1910, the disease was officially named after him. Five years prior, Dr.Alzheimer had 51-year-old patient named Frau Auguste D. the symptoms of her condition include problems of speech, memory and understanding. She even began doubting her husbands loyalty for no reason at all. Her condition became worse and eventually, she died. When Dr. Alzheimer performed an autopsy, he found that the size of the brain had decreased. The most notable finding was that the lens cortex had significantly shrunk the cortex is obligated for memory and speech, among other vital mental functions.When her brain was viewed in the microscope, Dr. Alzheimer discovered brain cells which are either dead or in the process of dying. There were also fat and other deposits found in the blood vessels and brain cells. The brain is composed of nerve cells, which are nerve cells. These neurons divulge signals which are chemical and electrical in nature. The signals are transferred from one neuron to another, enabling the person to think and recall. The transmission between neurons is made possible by neurotransmitters.Those who suffer from Alzheimers disease experience the demise of neurons eventually, neurotransmitters are also affected, and the brain functions are completely interrupted. The autopsy that Dr. Alzheimer performed on Auguste D. revealed that the brain tissues were characterized by clumps and knots of brain cells. At present, the former is recognized as plaqu es, while the latter(prenominal) is now identified as tangles. Both are acknowledged markers of Alzheimers disease. These two are also possible contributors in causing the brain disorder.On one hand, plaques are composed of the aforementioned beta-amyloid protein. There is still no impelled reason for the death of neurons, but the said protein is believed to be responsible for it. There are three genetic mutations that are recognized as responsible for a small percentage of the early-onset type of the disease. These three are as follows amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1 protein (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2). The said mutations create plaques of amyloid. all told three mutations are known to cause at least ten percent of all cases of Alzheimers disease.Alzheimer&8217s DiseaseAlzheimers Disease does not kill instantly it destroys the individual bit by bit, tearing away at their person-hood and self-identity. Most victims suffer for 9 to 15 years after onset of the illness. It is the most common type of dementia in the United States and Canada and after age 40, the risk of developing it doubles with aging every 5.1 years during adults life.A form of dementia, the DSM-IV-Rs (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) criteria for diagnosing dementia include impairment in short- and long-term memory, at least one of the following impairment in abstract thinking, impaired judgement, other disturbances of higher cortical functioning, personality change, significant interference with work, social activities, or relationships, in addition, symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of delirium and specific etiologic organic factor is evidenced or can be presumed. For an individual with this terrible disease, living with memory loss and its associated disabilities are very frightening.Alzheimers includes behavioral characteristics that breed beyond its cognitive explanations. These behaviors require study because of the influence on both the patient and caregi ver. Treatment often looks to drugs for relief of symptoms and to slow the course of progressive decline, rather than on assisting the individual with coping mechanisms. It has been termed a family disease, not only because of possible genetic relation between victims, but because family members provide 80 percent or more of the care giving. Chronic and progressive mental and physical deterioration decrease the victims capacity for independence and increase the need for support from family members caring for the victim at home.The victim attempts to make sense of a seemingly new and hostile world, and this leads to dubious and uncharacteristic changes in behavior, personality, decision-making, function, and mood. Certain symptoms that are often associated with depression may be observed in patients who are cognitively impaired but not depressed. Professionals must be aware of all the symptoms the patient is experiencing, and reports from family members must also be taken into accoun t. The patient usually reports fewer negative feelings or mood problems than are identified by caregivers.Patients often attempt to cover up their disease by modifying the behaviors of others, rather than identifying their own inevitable retrogression. Fears of the unknown, fears of abandonment, lowered frustration tolerance, and loss of impulse control may result in problematic behavior. Also, appropriate behavior may simply be forgotten, and faces of family members and friends unfamiliar. However, the victim of Alzheimers often denies these symptoms. More obvious, even to themselves are the expression of emotions such as panic and deprivation. Experiences such as early retirement and anticipated changes in the responsibilities of daily life are never realized. The inability to drive a car is especially painful and frustrating for some. Self-esteem and sense of worth plummet. Individuals with Alzheimers lose their capability to plan, postpone, wait, or predict the outcomes of their actions. Family members very often fail to attribute losses similar to those previously mentioned to a disease. They tend to deny the existence of the disease.Family members may go through a period of denial in which they make excuses for the patient, attributing the problems they encounter to normal aging, stress, etc. Alzheimers disease creates new demands on the family, who have to adopt numerous roles. The parent, once the primary caregiver to their children, is now like a child receiving care. Each family member defines the situation differently, but display common management behaviors that will be discussed further. Within these similar stages of management, reflection of individual attitudes is obvious due to unique interpretations of the stages.The spouse is usually the primary caregiver of the patient, but when unable to provide the care necessary, an adult child is the most likely candidate. These adult children fear that the disease terrorizing their family and destroyin g a loved one will be hereditary. Negative behavior changes that are undergone by the victim have major effects on the caregiver. Mental health and life satisfaction of the caregiver seem to decrease rapidly, but according to Lisa Gwyther (1994), the key to minimizing these effects is to strategically change responses by the human and physical environment. Changing the responses of the outside world, rather than attempting to change the responses of the individual with the disease helps to organize difficult changes.Experienced spouses and wise families learn to distract the patient rather than confront them on their shortcomings. They should learn to enrich the victims pleasure in each moment, spurring preserved memories and skills to maintain the victims positive feelings of competence, belonging, productivity, and self-esteem. Consistent reassurance and unconditional love are vital to peace and harmony within the family.The patient experiences degeneration of short-term memory, w hich often results in misplacement of objects and forgetting the names of familiar people. They have irrational or imaginary fears that make them suspicious of those closest to them, and they may accuse others of theft and/or infidelity. This is a source of increased frustration, confusion, distress, and irritability on the part of both the patient and the family. As a result, those involved may rely on alcohol and drugs to alleviate the stresses of coming to terms with the disease.Many families of victims either fail to seek, or do not receive a correct medical diagnosis. They tend to become over-involved and angry, stages necessary in the process of adjustment. The family members attempt to counterweigh the losses experienced by the patient, because the deterioration is beginning to become obvious. Their anger, not necessarily with the patient, stems from the burden, embarrassment, and frustrations caused by the patients behavior. Burden is reported to be highest in this phase of mild dementia.When the spouse is the primary caregiver (in comparison with adult children or others), care is more complete, and less stress, conflict, and ambivalence are observed. Spouses tend to look for activities, or ways of interpreting the patients behavior, that allow for a continuing adult relationship, rather than a parent- child one, which may belittle the patient. Psychological stress results from conflict between resentment, anger, ambivalence, and guilt, self-blame, and the pain of watching a loved one deteriorate. Caregivers also report physical fatigue from providing care to their regressing loved one. Of all of these, the most difficult is performing the basic daily activities for the patient, and coping with upsetting behavior.Proactive approaches towards treatment of the disease involve the conscious decision that success is possible, both for the patient and family- unfortunately this is something that most afflicted individuals realize too late. In addition, the victims of Alzheimers may or may not respond to certain types of intervention. A patient may react to one type of treatment one minute and not the next. Immediate, observable changes in patient and family behavior, function, and mood were noted when caregivers learned to separate the resolution of the problem from the intention of the patient. For example, rather than confronting a patient or assigning blame when an object is lost, the caregiver replaces the item the patient claimed stolen. In this way, unnecessary stress and tension are eliminated for both patient and caregiver.Each family member experiences a similar process of coming to terms with the changes. This process includes three stages describing how the victim is the same, and/or different, prior to disease onset, rewriting the individuality of the victim, and redefining the relationship with the victim. During the first stage, family members look for behaviors that still represent the victims true self, and those that the person with Alzheimers no longer has. In the second stage, the disease and individual with the disease must be seen as two in one. Part of the struggle in this stage is to maintain the adult identity of the victim while managing their child-like needs.Still, in the third stage of the adapting process, major problems continue to present themselves. These may include family and social disruptions, increased marital conflicts, and employment-related difficulties. Family members are usually not aware of one-anothers viewpoints they do not understand that they are not all seeing the victim the same way. Due to the fact that they are not all having the same type of relationship with the victim, paths towards the common goal of attaining highest level of function for the victim may be divided. As a result, the more effort individual family members put into achieving this goal, the more conflict is created. However, it individuals voice their different perspectives and encourage discus sion, this may allow the family to function as a complete whole. Understanding between family members can be coupled with social support groups ideas about the disease.A social network may be effective in protecting individuals with terminal diseases from some of the negative effects. An active organization, The Alzheimers Disease and Related Disorders Association (ADRDA) established a network of individuals and families affected with dementia. The speed at which this network is growing is clear evidence of the need for more groups like it. Information sharing, encouragement, and provision of social support are among the top objectives of such groups.A committee at the St. Louis Chapter of the Alzheimers Association developed Project Esteem to provide emotional intervention for people with Alzheimers in the Forgetful phase. Its purpose is to provide opportunities to share thoughts and feelings with peers and professionals, and to have some fun.It came about as two separate groups, o ne being individuals with Alzheimers and the other, caregivers. Reported feelings related to dementia from both groups include anger, anxiety, stress, acceptance, and frustration. The number of individuals who report negative feelings greatly outweigh those of acceptance.At initial meetings, bonding is established through the sharing of early memory experiences. Gradually, comfort comes from knowing that the victims are not alone there are others with the same limitations. The realization that the victims are ordinary people with a chronic illness, rather than an uncontrollable mental illness, is comforting. Overall, the most effective coping occurs when the individual recognizes their own mental change, realizes the diagnosis, and deals with the unexpected attitudes of others. Benefits of group support in this early stage of Alzheimers are considerable. Individuals sharing similar situations gain insight and encouragement through verbal exchange when real world suggestions were nee ded, and non- verbally when words were simply not accessible. However, as word comprehension and creation becomes increasingly difficult, the individual enters a new stage of disease development.Short-term memory, orientation, and concentration are now severely impaired. Throughout this stage, remote memory, intellectual functioning, comprehension, and judgement decline steadily. Ability to care for ones self also declines, and sleep patterns are altered this is a severe blow to the patients independence and self-esteem. The patient then becomes suspicious and paranoid, even of those closest to them. Likelihood of involvement in accidents at home and abuse of medication increase. Behaviors may include night wandering, night shouting, and nocturnal micturition (night- time urination). Obviously, traditional family behaviors and interactive patterns realize drastic alteration.Family members begin to feel guilty for their impatience and intolerance of the patient, even though many of t he demands of the patient are unrealistic and illogical. A major problem for those closest to the patient is readjusting expectations of the patient and themselves. Changes and problematic behavior become a source of stress during this phase, but overall limitation and conflict is reported to decrease, which may simply be the result of institutionalization of the victim. Use of drugs is found to be twice as high in care-givers as in community subjects, and care-givers often let their own health deteriorate.Particularly for the spouses caregivers, social isolation becomes an issue of psychological well being. Lack of time, energy, and interest in social activities becomes prominent as the deterioration of the patient increases. In one study, spouses of patients exhibited higher levels of stress, in comparison to adult children caregivers but husbands, in comparison to wives, report fewer burdens, and are more willing to admit the difficulty of the tasks at hand and seek out professio nal help. Adult male children are as likely as women are to assist their parents, but the men appeared to have the ability to distance themselves from the aging parent. This physical and emotional separation seemed to lower the amount of guilt felt by the men. Possibly because of these differing abilities to deal with the disease, there is often conflict between family members as to how to care for the victim.Two broad coping techniques of family members of Alzheimer victims are (1) Distancing techniques and (2) Enmeshing techniques. Distancing techniques (as discussed earlier) involve establishing distance between the patient and caregiver both emotionally and physically. Enmeshing techniques involve the intensification of the relationship, and often the exclusion of others. This option is usually observed in cases where the spouse is the primary caregiver. Apparently, it is very difficult for spouses who use the Enmeshing technique to become involved in social support groups.Socia l support is a proven mediator and alleviator of family stress and patient dejection. Adult day care programs provide respite for family members, and allow the patient to interact with individuals with similar conditions. Generally, the patients see the support group as being most helpful in the areas of information sharing and peer support. This information and assistance may help determine the strength of the individual in last stages of the disease.This phase is the final stage of Alzheimers disease. Mental deterioration is complete many patients are completely unaware of, or unable to respond to their surroundings. The patients are totally dependent on others for all aspects of daily living.The patient will, most likely, not identify family and friends, and may not communicate at all. Paranoia, agitation, and combativeness increase significantly, if the patient is able to display these emotions at all. He/she eventually becomes extremely weak, incontinent, non-ambulatory and bed ridden. It has been hypothesized that at least some of the premorbid changes in strength and weakness may be predicted from changes observed in the earlier stages. Descriptions by caregivers of premorbid personality traits of the victim are similar to symptoms of depression, hallucinations, and delusions. It is during this stage that most victims are admitted to an institution for professional care. Several behavioral problems such as aggression and wandering appear to increase as individuals are moved from the community to nursing homes.Acceptance of this disturbing disease comes very slowly to the family members. The diseases sly onset and the original appearance by the victim of retention of regular physical vigor make acceptance increasingly difficult. As the disease progresses further and further, the changes that occur for the victim become increasingly obvious and family members tend to define the situation more similarly than in previous, seemingly inconspicuous stages.The g rieving process is lengthy, because the death of the person is long before the death of the physical body. Although the loved one is long gone, their shell lives on.At some point during this stage, the spouse must undergo the final challenge of marital evaluation. Because the patient does not recognize anyone, the spouse is totally alone, but not single. Obtaining a divorce often creates many difficult legal issues. Many caregivers need assistance coping with the guilt of abandoning their spouse when placing them in a nursing home. Thus, financial problems come into the picture. Paying for nursing home services is difficult, as all effort in previous years has been put into caring for the patient.Relatives of deceased victims can be compared to those whose family member is still living. Wives and husbands display similar feelings of burden, but the husbands report more social limitations. On the contrary, sons and daughters are different in their descriptions of burden. Sons report less social limitations than daughters do, and less affective limitation when the demented parents had died. The sons of the deceased elderly also report less conflict with others than the daughters do.The need for individual support for the caregiver and family of the deceased is important, especially at this stage of sorrow. There may also be a sense of relief and release, as the extensive suffering of a loved one has finally ended. The empty body, which once contained a loved one, can finally be put to rest. Help and support from the staff at institutions with dealing with the grief of the final loss of a loved one is valuable and most definitely appreciated.Alzheimers Disease is a ceaseless debilitating disease without known cause or cure. Deterioration of mental and physical processes is inevitable, but varies between individuals- the cause for this variance has only been looked at hypothetically. It is a terrifying disease for the victim, who is constantly aware of the losses that are occurring, but can do nothing to prevent the disease from proceeding on its deadly course. Family members respond to the disease within certain guidelines, but the attitude towards the different stages differs for all involved. Social support systems have proven extremely effective for both the victim and caregiver in the Forgetful phase of the illness. From that point on, influence on patients decreases significantly, but personal gain for caregivers continues.There is an evident need for publicly funded support for Alzheimers disease victims and their families. The obvious lack of information concerning the symptoms and results of the disease show the necessity for incorporation of education and support into intervention strategies for caregivers. Evaluation of a patient with possible dementia requires a complete medical history, neurologic evaluation, and physical examination. At the present time, no diagnostic tests for Alzheimers are available in laboratories.It is sim ply a diagnosis based on elimination of other diseases. There is great need for a biological marker that would confirm the diagnosis of Alzheimers in a living patient. Rapid progress has been made in identifying a potential genetic marker that could be used to diagnose the disease without autopsy, biopsy, or extended evaluations. Potential disadvantages of this approach would be the reluctance of both patients and physicians to have lumbar punctures done, and the potential overlap of normal patients and Alzheimer sufferers. These potential markers are a glimpse of light at the end of a dark tunnel.Metaphorically, Alzheimers can be seen as a house that is constantly being eaten by termites, from the inside out. Although the house may look the same on the outside, the very foundation of the house, the part that makes it a home, deteriorates. Attempts to stop the decay are futile and, at best, temporary. Eventually, one will not feel comfortable at home, and will most likely leave the home- possibly for someone else to deal with. This relief is also temporary. The eating away of the house continues, until it eventually topples into an unrecognizable heap of what used to be a home. This feeling was best described by one individual in the middle stages of the disease (J)ust a wild lost world. Im here but I dont know where I am.