Puberty Rites in Ghana

Puberty Rites After the child naming ceremony, pubescence rites argon the next set of rituals of social status transformation which children permit in gold coastian stopping point. The most well preserved puberty rites are the Dipo (pictured) of the Krobo ethnic group and the Bragoro of the Ashantis. These ceremonies mark the entry of young wo workforce into maturity. In Ghana only a small section of ethnic groups usually embed in the northern parts of the country have initiation rites for custody and where they occur they are done in secret and not assumption as much prominence as that for young women.In the Akan culture women represent the beauty, purity and dignity of the society and are guarded against turpitude by our traditional laws and regulations. The most lasting impressions about life and the reputation of children are built during their early and formative years, which they spend mostly with their mothers. So the Akans believe that they need properly trained mot hers with good morals to admit up good children.It is therefore little wonder that the initiation of women into adulthood is given more prominence in the Akan society than that of men. Under the direction of the queen mother of the town or village in collaboration with some female opinion leaders, young women who have had their first current are secluded from the community for a period between both and three weeks during which they are taught the secrets of charrhood. During this period of seclusion the girls are given lessons in sex education and birth correspond.They are also taught how to relate to men properly so that they can maintain a good labor union and their dignity in society. After the period of seclusion, a durbar is held which is attended by the chief and almost everybody in the community. The newly initiated women are dressed scantily with very beautiful African beads and cosmetics showing off their brisk statistics. Young men of marriageable age troupe there to counterpane their eyes on the young women and to select their prospective wives.Amidst drumming and bounce the rituals are carried out with the spirit of Oynankopong Kwame, Asase Yaa and the departed ancestors invoked to bless the participants and ensure their protection, put forward and fertility during their period of motherhood. According to traditional law no woman is allowed to get married without haven gone through the puberty rites and every young woman must remain a virgin earlier to this.These laws ensure that young women grow up disciplined enough to control their sexuality and to prevent them from premature motherhood and unwanted babies. So classic are these laws that any woman who gets pregnant or breaks her virginity before the rites are performed is sometimes ostracized together with the man responsible for it. On top of that, a heavy fine is imposed on the guilty party aft(prenominal) which purification rites are performed to rid the society of the negative repercussions of their actions.

Genetically Modified Foods: Helpful or Harmful? Essay

genetic every(prenominal)y circumscribed (GM) viandss have been around for thousands of years. In the 1990s, they started being sold commerci completelyy in the United States, which was the start of this controversy Are GM feeds good or bad for us? Do the pros outweigh the cons? In my opinion, genetically change foods are nothing to worry about. GM foods are produced from genetic engineering. Scientists paying back a certain gene from an organism that is desired and put it into another(prenominal) organism.For example, scientists might take a drought resistant gene from a plant and insert it into a crop, so that crop will not wither during a period of low rainfall. on that point are diverse ways to add in these desired genes, such as crossbreeding, which has been employ since the beginning of agriculture, bacterial transfer of DNA into a cell, and a newer method of shooting DNA particles into a cell with particle gun, developed by Cornell University (Freedman, 83). There are numerous improvements of genetically modified foods. Crops cigaret engender impervious to insects.According to Whitman, Consumers do not wish to eat food that has been treated with pesticides because of potential wellness hazards, and run-off of agricultural wastes from excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers terminate poison the water supply and cause harm to the environment. Making the crops pest resistant makes much people want to buy them and is safer on the environment. Since farmers evoke use less pesticide, the cost of the food go downs and less people go hungry. It has raised the output of corn, cotton and soy by 20 to 30 percent, allowing whatsoever people to survive who would not have without it (Freedman, 82). Another advantage is adding vitamins and minerals to foods that lack them. Foods become more nutritious. For example, Malnutrition is common in third dry land countries where impoverished peoples rely on a single crop such as rice for the main sta ple of their diet. However, rice does not shoot adequate amounts of all necessary nutrients to prevent malnutrition. If rice could be genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies could be alleviated (Whitman). LaPensee also agrees Genetic manipulation could increase agricultural yields in developing countries with the development of more sustainable crops. For example, disease- and pest-resistant fruits and vegetables with higher nutritional value (e. g. , more iron, vitamin A, and protein) could improve the health of people in developing regions where the imbalanced indigenous diet is excessively dependent on grains such as rice and corn. This can decrease hunger and sickness world-wide. On the contrary, GM foods do have some disadvantages. When you modify plants and animals genetically, biodiversity decreases.Homogeneity may make crops more susceptible to disease. Thus, the gift uncertainty about the cumulative do in ecosystems or the food chain is making consumers wary (Hoyle and Lerner). With a decrease in biodiversity, all crops that are genetically similar are more susceptible to die during a natural disaster. Also, scientists do not know all of the effects of these GM foods on our health. For a variety of reasons, not all scientifically based, some people argue that transgenic food is a consumer safety subject area because not all of the effects of transgenic foods have been fully explored (Transgenics). GM foods should definitely be labeled. People have a right to know whether or not their foods have been genetically modified. Businesses argue that it would cost more for the consumer if their was a label, but the demand for transparency is unlikely to go away so, for glaring out loud, just label it (OBrian). Genetically engineered foods are very helpful. They can be more nutritious and better for the environment. These modifications help people all over the world, especially people dependent on cer tain crops. There are some criticisms, but the good outweighs the bad.GM foods should all be labelled, because people need to know what is in their food. Biblography Freedman, David H.. Are Engineered Foods Evil?. scientific American 1 Sept. 2013 80-85. Print. Hoyle, Brian, and K. lee Lerner. Genetically circumscribed Foods and Organisms. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. downwind Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed.Vol. 3. Detroit Gale, 2008. 1900-1902. Gale virtual(prenominal) Reference Library. Web. 11 May 2014. LaPensee, Kenneth T. Biotechnology and the enjoyment of Genes. Scientific Thought In Context. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner.Vol. 1. Detroit Gale, 2009. 532-536. In Context Series. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 May 2014. OBrian, Mark R.. Dont fear GMOs Genetically modified food is just the latest chapter in 10,000 years of high-tech agriculture. The Buffalo News 6 Apr. 2014 1. Print. Transgenics. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science . Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Vol. 6. Detroit Gale, 2008. 4414-4416. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 May 2014. Whitman, Deborah B.. Genetically Modified Foods Harmful or Helpful?. . N. p. , 1 Apr. 2000. Web. 11 May 2014.

Children of Divorce

Statistics show that each year, over 1 million American churlren stick out the decision made by their mentions to block up their kindred (Amato, 2001). dissever whitethorn be a solution to a discordant marri mature, however, for many pincerren and their p atomic number 18nts, tensions take place and the entire dissever process is a long, searing experience (Amato, 2001). Divorce ends the schematic order of family, friends, finances, work and in some cases health and well be (Amato, 2001). Divorce is the termination of the family unit, and thus, it is often characterized by inconvenience oneselfful losses.Psychologists rate come apart as one of the most nerve-racking events in life, just below the death of a spouse (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). Divorce has been compared to getting in a life boat. The lifeboat may be the chance to escape from the terrible situation, unless abandoning the ship holds little appeal because of the enormous uncertainties (Pedro-Carroll & Cow en, 1985). To a child who is inefficient to envision possible good outcomes this can be very overwhelming. Decisions to end a relationship can be traumatic, chaotic, and filled with contradictory emotions (Amato, 2001). look into shows that children from disarticulate families are on average somewhat worse moody than children who devote lived in intact families (Amato, 2001). Children in fall apart homes may nonplus more difficulty in school, more doings puzzles, more ostracize self-concepts, more problems with peers and more trouble getting along with their parents (Amato, 2001). With this research there needs to be an examination of what factors in divorcing families bring in to the children having difficulties and what the factors are that contribute to childrens adaptation.Childrens reactions to the decision of their parents dissolution of marriage depends on triad factors (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). These factors consist of the quality of their relationship with each of their parents before the separation, the intensity and succession of the agnatic conflict, and the parents ability to focus on the needs of the children (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). Divorce itself is normally not the first major change in the affected childs life.Parental conflict before the separation often leads to internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, even in preschoolers (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). Children may blame themselves for the deterioration in their parents relationship (Downs, Moore, & McFadden, 2009). After the divorce children may feel that their parents throw away less time for them (Downs, Moore, & McFadden, 2009). Other contributing factors include affixd stress, economical loss, and loss of former supports and resources (Downs, et al. , 2009). When risks are reduced or overcome children volition fare better.It is important for parents to be able to support their children with divorce. Sanders and Wolchik (2011) have identified the following actions pa rents can do to enhance a childs adjustment to divorce * Prior to the separation, it may be right-hand for both parents to discuss the impending divorce at a direct appropriate for the child * Be available to answer questions Read age appropriate books on divorce with your child * Reassure the child divorce is not his or her fault and let the child know that you go forth both continue to love him.Put childs needs first * Do not argue with other parent in front of child. * Do not expect your child to meet your emotional needs * Be consistent in your parenting Make visitations regular and predictable Parents who are struggle themselves through and through the divorce may fail to be aware of these enhancements. The Wisconsin royal court system, when filing for divorce requires parents to attend a co-parenting class.Wisconsin has go ton success in utilizing this requisite for divorcing parents with children, it often assists in the mediation process and serves as a wake-up crab to parents who are not fully aware of the effects that divorce has on their children. These co-parenting classes are ways in which parents can develop effect ways to assist their children from having adverse affects from the divorce proceeds and receive supportive reading of where they can receive additional abet.Parents who lack the ability to support their children through this difficult situation because of their lack of parental competence or silly adjustment to the situation may have to depend on distant interventions for assisting in this process. Given that divorce has negative effects for children, the utilization of legal prevention programs has great significance in changing the outcomes of these children (Sander & Wolchik, 2011).Children of Divorce incumbrance Program (CODIP) is an award winning curriculum that has helped thousands of children in the US. Since 1982 CODIP has helped children understand and arrogate their feelings and perceptions regarding their par ents separation (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). The goals of the program is to minimize the emotional and behavioral problems that divorce children face, ontogenesis childrens ability to identify and express their feelings, reduce childrens anxiety, and skeletal frame confidence (Pedro-Carroll, & Cowen, 1985).Individuals involved in this program have positive, supportive base environments with peers in school settings, a reduced desire to blame themselves, increase their deal skills and ability to solve problems, and have enhanced positive perceptions of themselves (Lowenstein, 2006). take personnel, community members, or parents can refer children to the program. Group leaders apt in this method will conduct group sessions that target dissimilar age ranges giving the correct information and skill-building activities (Lowenstein, 2006).Children may also be referred to therapy to help them adjust to divorce. Activities that are creative and play-based can engage children and he lp them safely express their thoughts and feelings. Therapy can take on the form of child-focused, residential parent-focused, nonresidential parent-focused and combined residential parent and child-focused therapy (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). Child-focused programs target skills to cope with stressful divorce-related events, emotional expression skills, and interpersonal resources (e. g. parent-child relationship quality) (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). Parent-focused programs target factors like parent-child relationship quality, discipline, indignation management, and the quality and quantity of contact with nonresidential parents (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). There is no evidence that doing a combination of child-focused programs and parent-focused programs leads to more success than doing one (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). In order for therapy services to effectively treat children of divorce, a number of primaeval issues need to be addressed.Therapy needs to address developing effective c oping skills, facilitating the appropriate expression of feelings, clarifying divorce-related misconceptions, expressing anger through appropriate outlets, disengaging from parental conflict, eliminating self blame, and enhancing positive perceptions of self (Lowenstein, 2006). Studies indicate that active coping that includes problem solving and positive thinking enhances resilience among children (Lowenstein, 2006). Interventions that help children identify their odd strengths further acilitate childrens healthy adjustment (Lowenstein, 2006). Helping children express feelings of anger about the divorce through appropriate outlets is another important handling goal. When parental conflict has been high prior to divorce and continues after divorce an effective intervention needs to involve an integrated family therapy go about (Amato, 2001). This therapy approach will assist children from disengaging from parental conflict. Many therapeutic agencies in Milwaukee are embracing ther apy that is more engaging, innovative, and immersed in play to assist children of divorce.The decision to divorce is a decision being made for the children, they have no voice. Parents take shape the decision and children react. The court system has taken a step in the right direction by requiring parents to take a co-parenting class. Parents struggling through their own issues and fear with this change in their life often time are incapable of supporting their children the way they need. It is important that through the pain or anger parents have over their marriage ending that they see things through their childs eyes.References Amato, P. (2001) Children of divorce in the 1990sAn modify of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta analysis. diary of Family Psychology, 15, 355-70. Downs, S., Moore, E., & McFadden, E. (2009). Child Welfare and Family Services Policies and Practice, 8th edition. Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon. Lebow, J. & Rekart, K. (2006) interconnected family therapy for hi gh-conflict divorce with disputes over child custody and visitation. Family Process, 46, 79-91 Lowenstein, L. (2006). Creative Interventions for Children of Divorce. Toronto Champion Press.Pedro-Carroll, J.L. & Cowen, E.L. (1985). The Children of Divorce Intervention Program An investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(5), 603-611.Sander, I. & Wolchik, S. (2011) Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. Sarrazin, J. & Cyr, F. (2007) Parental conflicts and their damage effects on children. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 47, 77-93.

Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra

INTRO Ajanta and Ellora ar the pride of Maharashtra. The rock-cut hollow pop outs of both these sites atomic number 18 serviceman famous and illustrate the degree of skill and contrivanceistry that Indian craftsmen had achieved many(prenominal)(prenominal) hundred years ago. Ajanta dates from ascorbic acid B. C. while Ellora is younger by some 600 years. The village of Ajanta is in the Sahyadri hills, ab aside 99 kms. From Aurangabad a few miles forth in a mammoth horseshoe-formed rock, argon 30 counteracts overloo mogul a gorge, each forming a room in the hill and some with national rooms.Al these take over been carve out of solid rock with little to a greater extent than a hammer and chisel and the faith and inspiration of Buddhism. Here, for the Buddhistic monks, the artistic productionisans excavated Chaityas (chapel service services) for petition and Viharas (monasteries) where they lived and taught. Many of the weakens contribute the close to exquisite detailed carvings on the environs, pillars and entrances as salubrious as magnificent palisade paintings. CONCLUSION In their clutch of clipping and treatments they provide a panorama of life in superannuated India and argon a source of all kinds of information air styles, ornaments, textiles, tuneful instruments, details of architecture, customs etc. It was from this collection of classical Indian art that a sectionalisationicular style was formed that traveled with Buddhism to many partially of the ara. Similar paintings can be seen in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, Bamiyan in Afghanistan, temples and shrines in Tibet, Nepal, China and Japan. Royal patronage made Ajanta possible. Professional artists carried out often of the work and each contributed his own individual skill and devotion to this massive work.Visitors often ask how the artist who painted the detailed frescoes and chiseled out the intricate carvings, managed to work in the dark interiors of the spelunks. It has been noticed that the caves atomic number 18 illuminate by natural light for part of the day and it is presumed that metal mirrors or sheets of white cloth were used to reflect sunlight into the internal recesses. PG1 The Ajanta subverts (Aji ha leni Marathi ) in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The caves are located in the Indian terra firma of Maharashtra, near Jalgaon, just outside the village of Ajin? ha (2031? 56? N 7544? 44? E). sabotages are only rough 59 kilometers from Jalgaon Railway station (on Delhi Mumbai, Rail line of the Central railways, India) and 104 kilometers from Aurangabad (from Ellora sabotages snow Kilometers). They are cut into the volcanic lava of the Deccan in the forest ravines of the Sahyadri Hills and are slew in beautiful sylvan surroundings. These magnificent caves containing carvings that depict the life of Buddha, and their carvings and sculptures are considered to be the beginning of classical Indian art. PG2 , India are 30 rock- cut cave monuments which date from the instant speed of light BCE to the 600 CE.The caves accommodate paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist spectral art (which depict the Jataka tales) as well as frescos which are evocative of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka. The caves were construct in cardinal material bodys starting around moment cytosine BCE, with the second group of caves strengthened around 600 CE. It is a defend monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. The caves vary from 35ft to 110ft in height. The caves of Ajanta comprise of Viharas or Monasteries and Chaitya Grihas or monument abodes cut into the mountains in deuce var.s. The monasteries are of discordant sizes the tallest being of 52ft.The monasteries were used by the Buddhist monks for meditating and studying Buddhist teachings. They are aboutly straight toes shaped and projects didactic, devotional, and ornamental paintings from Jataka Tales and life of Gaut am Buddha, contemporaneous people, great powers, slaves, flowers, patternts, fruits, birds and beasts. There are as well as the figures of yakshas, k interior(a)as (half serviceman and half bird) gandharvas (divine musicians), apsaras (heavenly dancers) seen in some(prenominal)(prenominal) jetty paintings and sculptures and in addition art and architecture of the 3rd AD Gupta Dynasty. The inaugural, 2nd, sixteenth and 17th caves can be rated as the greatest artistic works.Pg 4&5,6 First issue This is a Buddhist community, comprising atomic number 23 sanctuaries or Chaitya-grihas (caves 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29) and monastic complex sangharamas or viharas. A eldest group of caves was created in the 2nd century BC the chaitya-grihas open into the rock besiege by entres surmounted by a horse-shoe shaped bay. The ground forge is a basilical one piers separate the principal nave from the side aisles which join in the apse to permit the ritual circumambulation behind the (com memorative monument). This rupestral architecture scrupulously reproduces the forms and elements macroscopic in wooden constructions.According to Spink (2006), the initial phase was the construction of sanctuaries (known as chaytia-grihas) make during the stopover 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the patronage of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River. The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A were constructed during this period. 5 Murals preserved from this clipping be persistent to the oldest monuments of painted art in India. editSecond period A second group of caves was created at a posterior date, the 5th and 6th centuries AD, during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods.These caves were excavated during the supremacy of the Vakatakas and Guptas. According to memorials, Varahadeva, the minister of the Vakataka king, Harishena (c. AD 475-500), apply hollow out 16 to the Buddhist sangha while core out 17 was the impart of the prince, a liege. An catalogue records that the Buddha clench of a function in cave 4 was the move over of some Abhayanandi who hailed from Mathura. Scholars disagree intimately the date of the Ajanta weakens second period. For a time it was thought that the work was done over a presbyopic period from the fourth to the 7th century AD, but recently long-time researcher Walter M.Spink relegate that most of the work took place over short time period, from 460 to 480 CE, during the rein of emperor Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty. Some 20 cave temples were simultaneously created, for the most part viharas monasteries with a sanctuary in the structures skunk centre. According to Spink, the Ajanta core outs appear to have been abandoned shortly after the fall of Harishena c. 480 CE. Since then, these temples have been abandoned and piecemeal forgotten. During the intervening centuries, the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, unvisited and undisturbed. editRediscovery by Europeans On 28 April 1819, a British officer for the Madras Presidency, John Smith, of the 28th Cavalry, while hunting tiger, by chance discover the entrance to one of the cave temples ( undermine No. 10) deep at heart the tangled undergrowth. Exploring that first cave, long since a home to nothing untold than birds and bats and a lair for other, monolithicr, animals, Captain Smith scratched his name in on one of his name and the date, April 1819. Since he stood on a fivesome foot tall pile of rubble collected over the years, the enrolment is well above the eye-level gaze of an adult.Shortly after this discovery, the Ajanta subverts became renowned for their exotic rankting, astonishing architecture, historic ar devilrk, and long-forgotten history. Cave 1-pg 7 and 8 The first cave was strengthened on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp. According to Spink, it is one of the up-to-the-minute caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in the Vakataka phase. Al though there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the Vakataka emperor moth Harishena may have been the benefactor of this better-preserved cave.A dominant reason for this is that Harisena was not gnarly initially in patronizing Ajanta. This cave has one of the most lush carvings on its facade with relief sculptures on entablature and ridges. There are scenes carven from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of ornamental motifs. A two pillared portico, visible in the 19th-century photographs, has since perished. The cave has a bird-scarer-court with cells bowel movemented by pillared manor pressure groups on both side. These have a game plinth level. The cave has a porch with simple cells on both ends.The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that the porch was not excavated in the a la mode(p) phase of Ajanta when pillared vestibules had become a necessity and norm. Most areas of the porch were once cover with murals, of which many fra gments remain. There are iii doorways a commutation doorway and two side doorways. Two forthrightly windowpanes were work between the doorways to lighten the interiors. Each wall of the residence dormitory room inside is nearly 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6. 1 m) high. Twelve pillars make a forthright colonnade inside supporting the ceiling, and creating colossal aisles along the walls.There is a shrine mould on the promote wall to house an spectacular seated double of the Buddha, his hands being in the dharmachakrapravartana mudra. There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the right walls. The walls are covered with paintings in a moderately state of preservation. The scenes depicted are mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental. Cave 2-pg 9,10 Cave 2, conterminous to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It looks similar to Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation. editThe facade Cave 2 has a porch instead different from Cave one. Even the facade carvings seem to be different. The cave is back up by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. The size and ground plan have many things in common with the editThe porch The front porch dwells of cells support by pillared vestibules on both ends. The cells on the previously wasted areas were postulate to meet the greater housing requirements in after years. Porch-end cells became a arc in all ulterior Vakataka shots. The simple single cells on porch-ends were reborn into CPVs or were planned to provide to a greater extent than room, symmetry, and beauty.The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been wide published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddhas life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porchs rear wall has a doorway in the center, which allows entrance to the sign. On each side of the door is a square-shaped window to sort out the interior. editThe hall The hall has four colonnades which are supporting the ceiling and surrounding a square in the center of the hall. Each arm or colonnade of the square is parallel to the respective walls of the hall, making an aisle in between. editThe paintingsPaintings appear on almost every surface of the cave except for the floor. At diverse places the art work has become eroded due to decay and homosexual interference. Therefore, many areas of the painted walls, ceilings, and pillars are fragmentary. Cave 3and cave 4-pg 11 subvert 3 This is an incomplete monastery (10. 08 X 8. 78 m) and only the preliminary dig of pillared picture gallery exist. counteract 4 This squarish monastery consists of a hall, holy place sanctorum, pillared gallery and is datable to first half of sixth century A. D. This is the freehandedst monastery at Ajanta measuring (35. 08 X 27. 65 m).The door frame is finely sculpted flanking to the right is cut Bodhisattva as reliever of Eight capacious Perils. The cave was once painted, traces of which can be noticed. The ceiling of the hall conserve a unique geological feature of a lava flow. Cave 5,6,7-PG12,13 sabotage 5 This monastery (10. 32 X 16. 8 m) is an unfattened one. However, the richly carven door frame, and female figures on makaras are serious ones. subvert 6 This is a double storeyed monastery (16. 85 X 18. 07 m) consisting of hall, holy sanctorum sanctorum sanctorum and a pillared hall in the lower storey and a hall with cells, subsidiary cells and holy place sanctorum in the upper storey.Buddha in discourse spatial relation is housed in both the shrines. The depiction of Miracle of Sravasti and Temptation of Mara are the heavy paintings. Sculptural depiction of Buddha in various emplacements and postures can also be noticed here. hollow 7 This monastery (15. 55 X 31. 25 m) consists of a sanctum sanctorum, an oblong open hall with two olive-sized porticos supported by heavy octangular pillars and eight cells. Buddha in treatment stance is housed inside the sanctum. Other sculptural panels take on Miracle of Sravasti, seated Buddha under the surety of Nagamuchalinda, etc. cave8,9 PG 13,14,14. 5 hollow out 8 This is an spare monastery (15. 24 X 24. 64 m) at Ajanta, located at the lowest level and perhaps soonest among the monasteries. Major portion of the frontage has been swept external by a landslide. sabotage 9 This apsidal chaityagriha (18. 24 X 8. 04 m) is datable to second century B. C. and belongs to the Hinayana phase of Buddhism. The chaityagriha consists of an entrance door, two side windows, substitution hall, nave flanked by side aisles (pradikshana) on any side separated by a row of 23 pillars and a stupa, the object of worship.The chaityagriha exhibits reproduction of wooden architectural styles, in the form of inward tapering octagonal pillars, evidence of fastening wooden beams rafters, etc. The chaitya was in use during subsequent period also as designated by the sculptures of Buddha on the facade and side walls facing the court. upcountry the chaitya is seen two layers of paintings, the earlier dating back to the second half of initiative century B. C. and the alter to 5th 6th centuries A. D. Cave 9 single of the earlier plea hall caves, notable for its arched windows that let light diffused sunlight in the cave.This Theravada cave also features a large stupa. weaken 10 In April 1819, John Smith, a British array Officer noticed the huge arch of this cave from the view destine which ultimately led to the discovery of Ajanta Caves. This cave is the earliest chaityagriha at Ajanta. A Brahmi dedication on the facade dated to the 2nd century B. C. reads Vasithiputa Katahadi. The cave (30. 5 X 12. 2 m) consists of a large central hall, nave flanked by two aisles (pradikshana) separated by a row of 39 octagonal pillars and a rock stupa at the apsidal end, the object of worship.The cave consists of two period of paintings, the earlier da ted to 2nd century B. C and the posterior 4th 6th century A. D. Two Jataka stories of this period have been identified, namely, the Sama (Shama) Jataka and the Chhaddanta Jataka. The by and by period paintings contain Buddha figures in various poses mainly over the pillars. Cave 10 Theravada prayer hall, thought to be the oldest cave temple at Ajanta, dating to the 2nd century BC. counteract 11,12,13,14-PG 15, spelunk 11 This monastery (19. 87 X 17. 35 m) datable to beginning of fifth century A. D. onsists of a hall with six cells and a long bench, a pillared drift with four cells, a sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in preaching place is housed in the sanctum against an unfinished stupa. Few paintings that available here depicts Bodhisattvas, figures of Buddha, etc. hollow 12 This Hinayana monastery consists of a hall (14. 9 X 17. 82 m) the front wall is completely collapsed sided by twelve cells arranged on cardinal sides. An scroll on the back wall of the monastery records th e adorn of this cave by one merchant Ghanamadada and palaeographically datable to 2nd 1st century B. C. erhaps slimly later than Cave 10. The cell frontage are decorated with chaitya window motifs above the door opening. sabotage 13 This is a exquisite monastery and belongs to the first phase. It consists of an uncolumned hall with seven cells on triple sides. The cells are provided with rock-cut beds. sabotage 14 This unfinished monastery (13. 43 X 19. 28 m) was excavated above Cave 13 at a higher level. It was originally planned on a large scale. The depiction of sala bhanjikas on the top corners of doorway is attractively depicted. Cave 15,15a,16,17-pg 16,17,18 CAVE 15 The monastery (19. 62 X 15. 8 m) consists of an astylar hall with eight cells, an mansion house, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared heading. The sculptural depictions include Buddha in various postures, seated Buddha on simhasana inside the sanctum sanctorum. The traces of paintings specify that it was or iginally painted. CAVE 15A Smallest of all the digs at Ajanta this cave consists of a small central astylar hall with one cell on triplet sides. The front wall had an roll in shell characters (which is now lost). The hall is relieved with chaitya window pattern rising from vedica pattern. CAVE 16According to an register imbed here, the excavation of this cave was caused by Varahadeva, the minister of Vakataka king Harishena (circa A. D. 475-500). The cave (19. 5 X 22. 25 X 4. 6 m) which is a monastery consists of a central hall surrounded by 14 cells on three sides, vestibule and a sanctum for Buddha image. The important painted themes depicted are the variety of Nanda Miracle of Sravasti Mayas dream and certain incidents from the life of Buddha. The Jataka stories depicted are Hasti, Maha-ummagga, Maha-sutasoma. miscellaneous memorials can also be noted inside the caves. CAVE 17A Brahmi inscription found here records the excavation of this cave by a liege lord prince und er Vakataka king Harishena. This monastery (34. 5 X 25. 63 m) consists of a blanket(a) hall surrounded by 17 cells on three sides, a vestibule and a sanctum containing the image of Buddha. The cave houses some of the well preserved paintings of the Vakataka age that includes Vessantara Jataka (right of door), a huge and gigantic wheel representing the round of Life flying apsara (to left of door), subjugation of Nalagiri (a wild elephant) by Buddha at Rajagriha, Buddha preaching to a congregation.The Jatakas depicted here are Chhaddanta, Mahakapi (in two versions), Hasti, Hamsa, Vessantara, Maha-Sutasoma, Sarabha-miga, Machchha, Mati-posaka, Sama, Mahisa, Valahass, Sibi, Ruru and Nigrodhamiga. Cave 18,19,20,21-pg 19,20 CAVE 18 This consists of a rectangular excavation (3. 38 X 11. 66 m) leading into some other cell. The hall has two pillars with moulded bases and octagonal shafts. CAVE 19 This chaityagriha (16. 05 X 7. 09 m) is datable to fifth century A. D. and could be the gand hakuti. The stupa is carved with a standing image of Buddha 7.This cave is known for it sculptural splendor of the facade and particularly the two life size Yaksha images on each sides of the chaitya vatayana (arch). The hall has painted depictions of Buddha in various postures. CAVE 20 A pillar less monastery consists of hall (16. 2 X 17. 91 m) cells, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah datable between A. D. 450 and 525. A Brahmi inscription in the verandah records the throw of the mandapa by one Upendra. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum. The sculpture of seven Buddhas accompanied by attendants is another(prenominal) important sculptural panel in this cave.CAVE 21 This monastery (28. 56 X 28. 03 m) consists of a hall with twelve pillars and twelve cells on three sides, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah (pillars restored now). Out of 12 cells four are with pillared porches. The sanctum house seated Buddha in preaching attitude. reconstruct of painti ngs are noticed which consist of a panel depicting Buddha preaching a congregation. Cave 22,23,24,25-pg 21 CAVE 22 This monastery (12. 72 X 11. 58 m) consists of an astylar hall four unfinished cells, sanctum sanctorum and a narrow verandah. Buddha seated in pralamba-padasana is carved on the back wall of the shrine.The sculptural depiction of Buddha in different forms, painted figures of Manushi-Buddhas with Maitreya can be noticed here. CAVE 23 This is an unfinished monastery (28. 32 X 22. 52 m) and consists of an astylar hall, sanctum sanctorum, residence side cells and a pillared verandah. The cave is known for the rich decoration of pillars and pilasters and the naga doorkeepers. CAVE 24 This is an incomplete monastery (29. 3 X 29. 3 m) and second largest excavation at Ajanta after Cave 4. The plan consists of a hall with pillared verandah and sanctum sanctorum.A chapel with pillared porch is excavated outside the verandah. The sanctum houses a seated Buddha in pralamba-padas ana. CAVE 25 This monastery (11. 37 X 12. 24 m) consists of an astylar hall, pillared verandah and an enclosed courtyard and excavated at a higher level. Two cells are noted on the left end of the verandah and the hall has no cells. The hall is devoid of shrine. CAVE 26,27,28,29-PG 22/PG22,23 CAVE 26 This chaityagriha is quite similar to Cave 19, but of a larger dimension (25. 34 X 11. 52 m) and more exercisely and fine provided with sculpted figures.An inscription (A. D. 450 525) found on the wall of the front verandah records the gift of this chaityagriha by a monk Buddhabhadra, a friend of Bhavviraja, a minister of the king of Asmaka (Vidarbha). The chaityagriha consists of a hall, side aisles (pradikshana) and a rock-cut stupa front by an image of Buddha. The facade, the inner pillars, the triforium (between pillars and roof arch), aisles side walls are extensively carved with images and nonfunctional designs. However, the most striking and prominent image is that of Mahapa rinirvana of Buddha on the right aisle wall nd the assault of Mara during Buddhas penance adorns the same wall. CAVE 27 This cave could have been part of Cave 26 and it consists of two storeys, the upper one partially collapsed. The monastery consists of a hall with four cells, antechamber and sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in teaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. CAVE 28 This is an unfinished monastery of which only the pillared verandah was excavated. CAVE 29 This is an unfinished chaityagriha (22. 8 X 12. 84 m) in its first stage of excavation and located at the highest level, located between Caves 20 and 21. Ending-pg 24Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of MaharashtraINTRO Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra. The rock-cut caves of both these sites are world famous and illustrate the degree of skill and artistry that Indian craftsmen had achieved several(prenominal) hundred years ago. Ajanta dates from 100 B. C. while Ellora is younger by some 600 years. The village of Ajanta is in the Sahyadri hills, about 99 kms. From Aurangabad a few miles away in a mammoth horseshoe-formed rock, are 30 caves overlooking a gorge, each forming a room in the hill and some with inner rooms.Al these have been carved out of solid rock with little more than a hammer and chisel and the faith and inspiration of Buddhism. Here, for the Buddhist monks, the artisans excavated Chaityas (chapels) for prayer and Viharas (monasteries) where they lived and taught. Many of the caves have the most exquisite detailed carvings on the walls, pillars and entrances as well as magnificent wall paintings. CONCLUSION In their range of time and treatments they provide a panorama of life in old-fashioned India and are a source of all kinds of information air styles, ornaments, textiles, tuneful instruments, details of architecture, customs etc. It was from this collection of classical Indian art that a particular style was formed that traveled with Buddhism to many move of the worl d. Similar paintings can be seen in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, Bamiyan in Afghanistan, temples and shrines in Tibet, Nepal, China and Japan. Royal patronage made Ajanta possible. Professional artists carried out much of the work and each contributed his own individual skill and devotion to this monumental work.Visitors often ask how the artist who painted the detailed frescoes and chiseled out the intricate carvings, managed to work in the dark interiors of the caves. It has been noticed that the caves are lit by natural light for part of the day and it is presumed that metal mirrors or sheets of white cloth were used to reflect sunlight into the inner recesses. PG1 The Ajanta Caves (Aji ha leni Marathi ) in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The caves are located in the Indian state of Maharashtra, near Jalgaon, just outside the village of Ajin? ha (2031? 56? N 7544? 44? E).Caves are only about 59 kilometers from Jalgaon Railway station (on Delhi Mumbai, Rail line of the Central r ailways, India) and 104 kilometers from Aurangabad (from Ellora Caves 100 Kilometers). They are cut into the volcanic lava of the Deccan in the forest ravines of the Sahyadri Hills and are set in beautiful sylvan surroundings. These magnificent caves containing carvings that depict the life of Buddha, and their carvings and sculptures are considered to be the beginning of classical Indian art. PG2 , India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to the 600 CE.The caves include paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist spiritual art (which depict the Jataka tales) as well as frescos which are redolent of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka. The caves were built in two phases starting around 2nd century BCE, with the second group of caves built around 600 CE. It is a saved monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. The caves vary from 35ft to 110ft in height. The caves of Ajanta consist of Viharas or Monasteries and Chaitya Grihas or monument halls cut into the mountains in two phases. The monasteries are of various sizes the tallest being of 52ft.The monasteries were used by the Buddhist monks for meditating and studying Buddhist teachings. They are mostly square shaped and projects didactic, devotional, and ornamental paintings from Jataka Tales and life of Gautam Buddha, contemporaneous people, kings, slaves, flowers, plants, fruits, birds and beasts. There are also the figures of yakshas, kinneras (half human and half bird) gandharvas (divine musicians), apsaras (heavenly dancers) seen in several wall paintings and sculptures and also art and architecture of the 3rd AD Gupta Dynasty. The 1st, 2nd, sixteenth and 17th caves can be rated as the greatest artistic works.Pg 4&5,6 First period This is a Buddhist community, comprising five sanctuaries or Chaitya-grihas (caves 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29) and monastic complex sangharamas or viharas. A first group of caves was created in the 2nd century BC the cha itya-grihas open into the rock wall by doorways surmounted by a horse-shoe shaped bay. The ground plan is a basilical one piers separate the principal nave from the side aisles which join in the apsis to permit the ritual circumambulation behind the (commemorative monument). This rupestral architecture scrupulously reproduces the forms and elements visible in wooden constructions.According to Spink (2006), the first phase was the construction of sanctuaries (known as chaytia-grihas) built during the period 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the patronage of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River. The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A were constructed during this period. 5 Murals preserved from this time belong to the oldest monuments of painted art in India. editSecond period A second group of caves was created at a later date, the 5th and 6th centuries AD, during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods.These caves were excavated during the supremacy of the Va katakas and Guptas. According to inscriptions, Varahadeva, the minister of the Vakataka king, Harishena (c. AD 475-500), utilise Cave 16 to the Buddhist sangha while Cave 17 was the gift of the prince, a feudatory. An inscription records that the Buddha image in Cave 4 was the gift of some Abhayanandi who hailed from Mathura. Scholars disagree about the date of the Ajanta Caves second period. For a time it was thought that the work was done over a long period from the fourth to the 7th century AD, but recently long-time researcher Walter M.Spink stated that most of the work took place over short time period, from 460 to 480 CE, during the sovereignty of Emperor Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty. Some 20 cave temples were simultaneously created, for the most part viharas monasteries with a sanctuary in the structures rear centre. According to Spink, the Ajanta Caves appear to have been abandoned shortly after the fall of Harishena c. 480 CE. Since then, these temples have been aband oned and piecemeal forgotten. During the intervening centuries, the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, unvisited and undisturbed. editRediscovery by Europeans On 28 April 1819, a British officer for the Madras Presidency, John Smith, of the 28th Cavalry, while hunting tiger, circumstantially discovered the entrance to one of the cave temples (Cave No. 10) deep inside the tangled undergrowth. Exploring that first cave, long since a home to nothing more than birds and bats and a lair for other, larger, animals, Captain Smith scratched his name in on one of his name and the date, April 1819. Since he stood on a five foot high pile of rubble collected over the years, the inscription is well above the eye-level gaze of an adult.Shortly after this discovery, the Ajanta Caves became renowned for their exotic setting, impressive architecture, historic artwork, and long-forgotten history. Cave 1-pg 7 and 8 The first cave was built on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp. According to Spink, it is one of the latest caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in the Vakataka phase. Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the Vakataka Emperor Harishena may have been the benefactor of this better-preserved cave.A dominant reason for this is that Harisena was not multiform initially in patronizing Ajanta. This cave has one of the most elaborate carvings on its facade with relief sculptures on entablature and ridges. There are scenes carved from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs. A two pillared portico, visible in the 19th-century photographs, has since perished. The cave has a front-court with cells fronted by pillared vestibules on either side. These have a high plinth level. The cave has a porch with simple cells on both ends.The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that the porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta when pillared vestibules had become a necessity and norm. Most areas of the porch were once covered with murals, of which many fragments remain. There are three doorways a central doorway and two side doorways. Two square windows were carved between the doorways to brighten the interiors. Each wall of the hall inside is nearly 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6. 1 m) high. Twelve pillars make a square colonnade inside supporting the ceiling, and creating spacious aisles along the walls.There is a shrine carved on the rear wall to house an impressive seated image of the Buddha, his hands being in the dharmachakrapravartana mudra. There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the right walls. The walls are covered with paintings in a sensible state of preservation. The scenes depicted are mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental. Cave 2-pg 9,10 Cave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It looks similar to Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation. editThe facadeCave 2 has a porch quite different from Cave one. Even the facade carvings seem to be different. The cave is supported by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. The size and ground plan have many things in common with the editThe porch The front porch consists of cells supported by pillared vestibules on both ends. The cells on the previously wasted areas were undeniable to meet the greater housing requirements in later years. Porch-end cells became a bring down in all later Vakataka excavations. The simple single cells on porch-ends were reborn into CPVs or were planned to provide more room, symmetry, and beauty.The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been widely published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddhas life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porchs rear wall has a doorway in the center, which allows entrance to the hall. On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interior. editThe hall The hall has four colonnades which are supporting the ceiling and surrounding a square in the center of the hall. Each arm or colonnade of the square is parallel to the respective walls of the hall, making an aisle in between. editThe paintingsPaintings appear on almost every surface of the cave except for the floor. At various places the art work has become eroded due to decay and human interference. Therefore, many areas of the painted walls, ceilings, and pillars are fragmentary. Cave 3and cave 4-pg 11 CAVE 3 This is an incomplete monastery (10. 08 X 8. 78 m) and only the preliminary excavation of pillared verandah exist. CAVE 4 This squarish monastery consists of a hall, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah and is datable to first half of sixth century A. D. This is the largest monastery at Ajanta measuring (35. 08 X 27. 65 m).The door frame is exquisitely sculpted flanking to the right is carved Bodhisattva as reliever of Eight ample Perils. The cave was once painted, traces of which can be noticed. The ceiling of the hall bear on a unique geological feature of a lava flow. Cave 5,6,7-PG12,13 CAVE 5 This monastery (10. 32 X 16. 8 m) is an unfinished one. However, the richly carved door frame, and female figures on makaras are important ones. CAVE 6 This is a double storeyed monastery (16. 85 X 18. 07 m) consisting of hall, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared hall in the lower storey and a hall with cells, subsidiary cells and sanctum sanctorum in the upper storey.Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in both the shrines. The depiction of Miracle of Sravasti and Temptation of Mara are the important paintings. Sculptural depiction of Buddha in various attitudes and postures can also be noticed here. CAVE 7 This monastery (15. 55 X 31. 25 m) consists of a sanctum sanctorum, an oblong open hall with two small porticos supported by heavy octagonal pillars and eight cells. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. Other s culptural panels include Miracle of Sravasti, seated Buddha under the security of Nagamuchalinda, etc.CAVE8,9 PG 13,14,14. 5 CAVE 8 This is an unfinished monastery (15. 24 X 24. 64 m) at Ajanta, located at the lowest level and perhaps earliest among the monasteries. Major portion of the frontage has been swept away by a landslide. CAVE 9 This apsidal chaityagriha (18. 24 X 8. 04 m) is datable to second century B. C. and belongs to the Hinayana phase of Buddhism. The chaityagriha consists of an entrance door, two side windows, central hall, nave flanked by side aisles (pradikshana) on either side separated by a row of 23 pillars and a stupa, the object of worship.The chaityagriha exhibits reproduction of wooden architectural styles, in the form of inward tapering octagonal pillars, evidence of fixedness wooden beams rafters, etc. The chaitya was in use during later period also as indicated by the sculptures of Buddha on the facade and side walls facing the court. in spite of appe arance the chaitya is seen two layers of paintings, the earlier dating back to the second half of 1st century B. C. and the alter to 5th 6th centuries A. D. Cave 9 angiotensin-converting enzyme of the earliest prayer hall caves, notable for its arched windows that let lightly diffused sunlight in the cave.This Theravada cave also features a large stupa. CAVE 10 In April 1819, John Smith, a British phalanx Officer noticed the huge arch of this cave from the view contingent which ultimately led to the discovery of Ajanta Caves. This cave is the earliest chaityagriha at Ajanta. A Brahmi inscription on the facade dated to the 2nd century B. C. reads Vasithiputa Katahadi. The cave (30. 5 X 12. 2 m) consists of a large central hall, nave flanked by two aisles (pradikshana) separated by a row of 39 octagonal pillars and a rock stupa at the apsidal end, the object of worship.The cave consists of two period of paintings, the earlier dated to 2nd century B. C and the later 4th 6th cent ury A. D. Two Jataka stories of this period have been identified, namely, the Sama (Shama) Jataka and the Chhaddanta Jataka. The later period paintings contain Buddha figures in various poses mainly over the pillars. Cave 10 Theravada prayer hall, thought to be the oldest cave temple at Ajanta, dating to the 2nd century BC. CAVE 11,12,13,14-PG 15, CAVE 11 This monastery (19. 87 X 17. 35 m) datable to beginning of fifth century A. D. onsists of a hall with six cells and a long bench, a pillared verandah with four cells, a sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum against an unfinished stupa. Few paintings that available here depicts Bodhisattvas, figures of Buddha, etc. CAVE 12 This Hinayana monastery consists of a hall (14. 9 X 17. 82 m) the front wall is completely collapsed sided by twelve cells arranged on three sides. An inscription on the back wall of the monastery records the gift of this cave by one merchant Ghanamadada and palaeographically da table to 2nd 1st century B. C. erhaps middling later than Cave 10. The cell frontage are decorated with chaitya window motifs above the door opening. CAVE 13 This is a small monastery and belongs to the first phase. It consists of an astylar hall with seven cells on three sides. The cells are provided with rock-cut beds. CAVE 14 This unfinished monastery (13. 43 X 19. 28 m) was excavated above Cave 13 at a higher level. It was originally planned on a large scale. The depiction of sala bhanjikas on the top corners of doorway is beautifully depicted. Cave 15,15a,16,17-pg 16,17,18 CAVE 15 The monastery (19. 62 X 15. 8 m) consists of an astylar hall with eight cells, an antechamber, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah. The sculptural depictions include Buddha in various postures, seated Buddha on simhasana inside the sanctum sanctorum. The traces of paintings indicate that it was originally painted. CAVE 15A Smallest of all the excavations at Ajanta this cave consists of a small central astylar hall with one cell on three sides. The front wall had an inscription in shell characters (which is now lost). The hall is relieved with chaitya window pattern rising from vedica pattern. CAVE 16According to an inscription found here, the excavation of this cave was caused by Varahadeva, the minister of Vakataka king Harishena (circa A. D. 475-500). The cave (19. 5 X 22. 25 X 4. 6 m) which is a monastery consists of a central hall surrounded by 14 cells on three sides, vestibule and a sanctum for Buddha image. The important painted themes depicted are the revolution of Nanda Miracle of Sravasti Mayas dream and certain incidents from the life of Buddha. The Jataka stories depicted are Hasti, Maha-ummagga, Maha-sutasoma. paint inscriptions can also be noted inside the caves. CAVE 17A Brahmi inscription found here records the excavation of this cave by a feudatory prince under Vakataka king Harishena. This monastery (34. 5 X 25. 63 m) consists of a spacious hall surro unded by 17 cells on three sides, a vestibule and a sanctum containing the image of Buddha. The cave houses some of the well preserved paintings of the Vakataka age that includes Vessantara Jataka (right of door), a huge and gigantic wheel representing the stray of Life flying apsara (to left of door), subjugation of Nalagiri (a wild elephant) by Buddha at Rajagriha, Buddha preaching to a congregation.The Jatakas depicted here are Chhaddanta, Mahakapi (in two versions), Hasti, Hamsa, Vessantara, Maha-Sutasoma, Sarabha-miga, Machchha, Mati-posaka, Sama, Mahisa, Valahass, Sibi, Ruru and Nigrodhamiga. Cave 18,19,20,21-pg 19,20 CAVE 18 This consists of a rectangular excavation (3. 38 X 11. 66 m) leading into another cell. The hall has two pillars with moulded bases and octagonal shafts. CAVE 19 This chaityagriha (16. 05 X 7. 09 m) is datable to fifth century A. D. and could be the gandhakuti. The stupa is carved with a standing image of Buddha 7.This cave is known for it sculptural sp lendour of the facade and particularly the two life size Yaksha images on either sides of the chaitya vatayana (arch). The hall has painted depictions of Buddha in various postures. CAVE 20 A pillar less monastery consists of hall (16. 2 X 17. 91 m) cells, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah datable between A. D. 450 and 525. A Brahmi inscription in the verandah records the gift of the mandapa by one Upendra. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum. The sculpture of seven Buddhas accompanied by attendants is another important sculptural panel in this cave.CAVE 21 This monastery (28. 56 X 28. 03 m) consists of a hall with twelve pillars and twelve cells on three sides, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah (pillars restored now). Out of 12 cells four are with pillared porches. The sanctum house seated Buddha in preaching attitude. observe of paintings are noticed which consist of a panel depicting Buddha preaching a congregation. Cave 22,23,24,25-pg 21 CAVE 22 Thi s monastery (12. 72 X 11. 58 m) consists of an astylar hall four unfinished cells, sanctum sanctorum and a narrow verandah. Buddha seated in pralamba-padasana is carved on the back wall of the shrine.The sculptural depiction of Buddha in different forms, painted figures of Manushi-Buddhas with Maitreya can be noticed here. CAVE 23 This is an unfinished monastery (28. 32 X 22. 52 m) and consists of an astylar hall, sanctum sanctorum, antechamber side cells and a pillared verandah. The cave is known for the rich decoration of pillars and pilasters and the naga doorkeepers. CAVE 24 This is an incomplete monastery (29. 3 X 29. 3 m) and second largest excavation at Ajanta after Cave 4. The plan consists of a hall with pillared verandah and sanctum sanctorum.A chapel with pillared porch is excavated outside the verandah. The sanctum houses a seated Buddha in pralamba-padasana. CAVE 25 This monastery (11. 37 X 12. 24 m) consists of an astylar hall, pillared verandah and an enclosed courty ard and excavated at a higher level. Two cells are noted on the left end of the verandah and the hall has no cells. The hall is devoid of shrine. CAVE 26,27,28,29-PG 22/PG22,23 CAVE 26 This chaityagriha is quite similar to Cave 19, but of a larger dimension (25. 34 X 11. 52 m) and more elaborately and exquisitely provided with sculpted figures.An inscription (A. D. 450 525) found on the wall of the front verandah records the gift of this chaityagriha by a monk Buddhabhadra, a friend of Bhavviraja, a minister of the king of Asmaka (Vidarbha). The chaityagriha consists of a hall, side aisles (pradikshana) and a rock-cut stupa front by an image of Buddha. The facade, the inner pillars, the triforium (between pillars and roof arch), aisles side walls are extensively carved with images and decorative designs. However, the most striking and prominent image is that of Mahaparinirvana of Buddha on the right aisle wall nd the assault of Mara during Buddhas penance adorns the same wall. CAVE 27 This cave could have been part of Cave 26 and it consists of two storeys, the upper one partially collapsed. The monastery consists of a hall with four cells, antechamber and sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in teaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. CAVE 28 This is an unfinished monastery of which only the pillared verandah was excavated. CAVE 29 This is an unfinished chaityagriha (22. 8 X 12. 84 m) in its first stage of excavation and located at the highest level, located between Caves 20 and 21. Ending-pg 24

Human Resources Policies Essay

Armstrong, (2006) defined charitable mental im mount upry policies as continuing guidelines on the get down the brass section intends to adopt in managing its mess. In addition, it can also be defined as the philosophies and set of the organization on how great deal should be treated, and from these be derived the principles upon which managers atomic number 18 pass judgment to act when dealing with merciful resourcefulness matters. piece imagination policies accordingly serve as reference points when meshing practices are being developed, and when decisions are being made round people.Mullins, (2005) highlighted that Human Resource focal point moldinessiness be committed to creating a gaining environment forfeit from difference and where completely employees are treated opposely with dignity, courtesy and respect. This can be through by giftting into place Human Resource policies that poses how people should be treated, and from these are derived the prin ciples upon which managers are expected to act when dealing with Human Resource matters. The most common areas in which specific Human Resource policies exist are HIV and support, discipline, employee development, employee relations, enlisting and picking, equal opportunity, grievances, health and safety, managing diversity, promotion, redundancy, reward, inner harassment, substance abuse and locomote life balance and e-mails and the internet.Cole (1997) argued that this physical exertion equity form _or_ system of government helps in preventing contrast and promoting e spirit in the workplace. The equal opportunity insurance policy should spell out the organizations decision to give equal opportunities to altogether, irrespective of sex, race, creed, disability, age or marital status. The policy should also deal with the extent to which the organization wants to take affirmative sue to restitution imbalances between numbers employed according to sex or race, or to di fferences in the levels of qualifications and skills they rush achieved. According to the Labour be (Chapter 2801),Section 5 relegates that no employer sh tout ensemble discriminate both employee or prospective employee on grounds of race, tribe, place of origin, political opinion, colour, creed, gender, pregnancy, HIV/AIDS status or unfastened to the Disabled Persons Act (Chapter 1701).Every manager mustinessiness take steps to promote equal opportunity in the workplace by eliminating un decent discrimination in every employment policy or practice within their sphere of authority. every(prenominal) forms of unfair discrimination, whether restrain or substantiating, are prohibit and it is the responsibility of wholly employees to inform themselves about and refrain from perpetrating unfair discrimination. The sexual harassment policy is a nonher policy which aims at preventing and managing sexual harassment in the workplace. intragroup harassment is cast-off(prenomina l) and unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favours, and other verbal or corporeal conduct of a sexual nature that is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of employment or is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such(prenominal) an private. The companion must prohibit inappropriate conduct that is sexual in nature at work, on follow business, or at company sponsored events.This can be done by prohibiting comments, jokes, or degrading style or behavior that is sexual in nature, sexually suggestive objects, books, magazines, photographs, cartoons, pictures, calendars, posters or electronic communications and unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favours, or any sexual touching this is according to Armstrong (2006). Sexual harassment is prohibited whether its between members of the opposite sex or members of the same sex. All managers have a key responsibility in establishing and maintaining a workplace free from psycheal ha rassment and they are directly responsible for the conduct of their staff. Sexual harassment is regarded as gross industrial misconduct and if proved makes the individual liable for instant dismissal. Less severe penalties may be silent for minor cases just there depart always be a warning that repetition impart result in dismissal. Therefore all employees are expected to comply with this policy and that it is the personal responsibility of individually employee to ensure that inappropriate conduct does not occur, as stated by Armstrong (2010).Safety policies should reflect the employers commitment to safety and health at work and should indicate what standards of behavior are to be aimed for in safety and health welfare matters. The policy statement should be drawn to the attention of all employees. In practice this is achieved by issuing a safety policy document to all employees via their hand packets, or by issuing company handbooks which include details of the policy. The important point is that the employer should be able to show that he has done more than just pin up a notice in various parts of his premises, this is postulated by Mullins (2005). The HIV/ assist policy is also used and its purpose is to provide guidance on managing departmental responses to HIV/AIDS in a manner that complies with the guinea pig Aids Policy and applicable laws, eliminates unfair discrimination and enables the harnessing of each persons full potential.Employees who know that they are infected with HIV go out not be obliged to disclose the fact to the company, but if they do, the fact will remain completely confidential. There must be no discrimination against anyone with or at risk of acquiring AIDS. In addition, employees infected by HIV or suffering from AIDS must be treated no differently from anyone else suffering a severe illness. All human resources processes and practices should promote an affirming non-discriminatory environment that fosters respect for t he dignity of all spot ensuring the maximum productivity of each employee regardless of HIV/AIDS status.This will be done through a regular review of all human resources practices and processes to eliminate existing or potential direct and indirect discrimination on the ground of HIV/AIDS. A prospective employee will not be required to disclose his or her HIV/AIDS status, there shall be no pre-employment HIV/AIDS testing in respect of a prospective employee and both permanent and contract employees are not obliged to disclose their HIV/AIDS status, as subject to Labour Relations Act (chapter 2801).Recruitment and selection policies are also used to ensure a work environment that is anti discriminatory, democratic, respectful of rights, mindful of dignity and legally sound or legitimate. The Human resource department must be committed to utilise recruitment and selection practices that are based on merit, equity, objectivity, fairness and the need to redress the imbalances of the pa st so as to achieve a department that is more often than not representative. According to Storey (1995), the recruitment process should reflect the departments employment equity values and goals. Moreover, all phases of the recruitment process must support the recruitment of suitably qualified men and women from diverse racial and other backgrounds with a view to giving them an opportunity to serve all the people with excellence and responsiveness. Considerations of affirmative action will inform the faultless recruitment process.The policy on age and employment should take into poster that age is a poor predictor of job effect. It is misleading to check physical and mental ability with age. More of the population are animated active, healthy lives as they get older. Therefore the policy should define the approach the organization adopts to engaging, promoting and training older employees. It should emphasize that the only criterion for selection or promotion should be ability to do the job and for training, the belief that the employee will benefit, irrespective of age. The policy should also state that age requirements should not be set out in external or internal job advertisements. Armstrong (2006).Diversity management policy is a concept that recognizes the benefits to be gained from differences. A policy on managing diversity recognizes that there are differences among employees and that these differences, if by rights managed, will enable work to be done more efficiently and effectively. This concept does not focus exclusively on issues of discrimination but instead concentrates on recognizing the differences between people. Maund (2001) express it, the concept of managing diversity is founded on the premise that harnessing these differences will create a productive environment in which everyone will feel valued, where their talents are fully utilized and in which organisational goals are met. The diversity management policy must acknowledge et hnical and individual differences in the workplace, state that the organization values the different qualities that people bring to their jobs, emphasize the need to eliminate bias in such areas as selection, promotion, performance assessment, pay and learning opportunities and focus attention on individual differences rather than group differences.Mathis, (2003) is of the view that the disciplinary policy should state that employees have the right to know what is expected of them and what could happen if they infringe the organizations rules. It would also make the point that, in handling disciplinary cases, the organization will treat employees in accordance with the principles of natural justice. It must be the policy of the company that employees should be given a fair hearing by their speedy supervisor or manager concerning any grievances they may wish to raise, have the right to appeal to a more senior manager against a decision made by their immediate supervisor or manager and have the right to be attended by a representative of their own choice when raising a grievance or appealing against a decision.Cole, (1997) highlighted that the reward policy must cover matters as providing an equitable pay system, equal pay for work of equal value, paying for performance, competence, skill or contribution, sharing in the triumph of the organization and the relationship between levels of pay in the organization and market place rates. There must not be discrimination of employees in pay levels. This will encourage the optimum productivity from employees and ensures high level of quality output. A performance management system must be put in place so as to pay employees according to their performance and efforts. Armstrong (2006) is of the opinion that job evaluation must also be done in a fairly and equitable manner so as to have a free work environment.In conclusion, companies must be committed to providing a work environment free of discrimination and harass ment. Human Resource policies must prohibit discrimination and harassment in the workplace, whether committed by or against managers, co-workers, customers, vendors, or visitors. Employees must work and develop in an environment that is anti-discriminatory, democratic, respectful of rights, mindful of dignity, legally sound and productive. Workplace discrimination or harassment based on an employees race, colour, religion, sex, national origin, citizenship, age status, sexual orientation, disability, marital status, or any other basis prohibited by law, must not be tolerated.REFERENCESArmstrong, M. (2006) Strategic Human Resource Management, (3rd Ed), capital of the United Kingdom Kogan.Armstrong, M. (2006) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, (10th Ed), London Kogan.Cole G.A. (1997), Personnel Management, theory and Practice, London Continuum.Labour Relations Act Regulations (1998), HIV and AIDS, Government Printers Zimbabwe.Maund, L. (2001), An Introduction to Human Resource Management Theory And Practice, New York Palgrave.Mullins, L. J. (2005), Management and Organizational Behavior, England Prentice Hall.Storey, J.(1995), Human Resource Management A critical text, London Routledge.

Data Mining Essay

What is pixilatedt by the term victimize?The term get hold describes the im confirmd act of an exact or particularised amount of swither on a toughieed sampling, as opposed to a haphazard sampling (Spang, 2010). In other words, if you atomic number 18 able to market via a personate to say, a given number of random guests (e.g. 1000), and we expect that 50 of them would be successful, hence a model that ro intake generate 75 successes would begin a 50 percent lift. twist is possibly the al close to comm scarcely metric used to measure shoot foring model performance in marketing applications the purpose of which, is to identify a subgroup or target from a larger population (Coppock, 2002 and Spang, 2010). The subgroup targeted or target members selected are those who are most likely to respond positively to a marketing offer.As such, the model is doing well if as predicted the retort within the targeted section is much improve than average when compared to the po pulation as a whole. Lift then, is simply the balance of these values target response divided by average response (Coppock, 2002).Lift Charts and Lift Curves are terms a good deal seen in take marketing. To quickly define them here a lift carousal is a popular technique which assigns a probability of responding score when used in an attempt to determine who the likely responders from a population are.The lift curve helps us determine how powerfully we butt end skim the cream by selecting a relatively sm wholly number of cases and getting a relatively large portion of the responders (Keating, 2013).A lift chart or a Gains Chart is a convenient summary of t stunned ensemble the cumulative lift curves whereby all the randomness in these multiple classification matrices are sour into a graph (Keating, 2013 and Coppock, 2002).What is Customer descent Management (CRM)?There is only one boss. The customer. And he can fire everybody in the alliance from the chairperson on m aster, simply by spending his money somewhere else. surface-to-air missile Walton (Founder of Wal-Mart) Customer Relationship Management or CRM is a company-wide argumentation schema which is generally designed with the intent to reduce costs and increase lucrativeness by solidifying customer satisfaction, loyalty and advocacy (CRM Magazine, 2010).While once, it was regarded of as a type of software, today, CRM has evolved into a customer-centric philosophy that must permeate an intact presidency (CRM Magazine, 2010). In other words, it is not a new-fashioned sentiment but as the quote above by Sam Walton suggests an exceedingly important one that can and should be instinctively employed to all businesses to ensure re change forming and new leaf nodeele. We may perhaps think of CRM in its most basic, common and best known form as customer profits or simply, methodology employed to farm happy customers.A true and effective CRM program revolves around three key element s flock, processes and technology (CRM Magazine, 2010). Targets within these elements that should be especially considered are individual applications, a data infrastructure to plump for them, and organizational changes to take full advantage of the skillful up commemorates (Goodhue et. al., 2002).Moreover, the CRM program should be bringing in instruction from all applicable data sources both within, and exposeside the organization when applicable. In doing so, a company is able to gain a holistic view of from each one customer in real time (CRM Magazine, 2010), therefore allowing staff dealing now with customers, for example, in the realms of customer support, deals and marketing the ability to make sealed yet quick decisions on everything from cross- cuckolding and upselling to target marketing strategies and competitive spatial relation tactics (Info Entrepreneurs, 2013 and CRM Magazine, 2010).A working example of how CRM could be achieved may be through and th rough discovering the purchasing habits, opinions, inevitably and preferences of ones customers then indite the individuals and groups researched so marketing can be executed more than effectively, olibanum change magnitude sales. Finally, by combining this information found with thoroughly customer services and satisfaction customer relationships which are the snapper of business success, can be appropriately and effectively fostered, then maintained and ultimately managed for susceptibility and profitability.While there are many technical and technological regions to CRM, opinion about CRM as primarily a strategy to l actualize about the needs and behaviors of customers in an effort to execute, develop and strengthen relationships with them may prove to be more helpful overall and in the long term. Additionally, it should be thought of as a process bringing together information concerning customers, sales, marketing effectiveness, responsiveness and marketing trends (Goodhue et. al., 2002 and Writing, 2013).Finally, for CRM to be rightfully effective, everyone in the organization from the CEO to the frontline staff and those behind the scenes need to get on board, baffling and invested in the companys program (Info Entrepreneurs, 2013 CRM Magazine, 2010 Writing, 2013 and Goodhue et. al., 2002).What are its benefits? Provide examples of emf benefits.To reiterate the above benefiting from CRM is not just a question of buy the right software. You must besides adapt your business to the needs of your customers (Info Entrepreneurs, 2013). Having express that, by and by investing the time and expense in implementing a good CRM solution, there are many potential benefits, some being extremely of import and having a major impact on the establishment in question Development of represent relationship with existing customers due to misgiving and therefore caterressing their specific requirements. Increased sales and revenue through better ti ming gained via anticipating the customers needs based on historic trends. Cross-selling of other products by leveraging the customer relationship. Ability to identify the most profitable clientele. modify profitability through focusing on most profitable clients date dealing with less profitable clients in a more cost effective manner. Better overall marketing of products or services.More effective target marketing communications aimed specifically at customer needs. An improved, more personalized approach which can help win additional business in the future. The development of new and / or improved products and services through better client feedback, complaints, comments and suggestions. Reducing cost of sales and cost of new customer acquisition and generation by concentrating on customer retention, thus improving organization reputation and word-of-mouth recommendations. (Writing, 2013 Info Entrepreneurs, 2013 and Goodhue et. al., 2002).With respect to CRM arrangements, what does it mean if the arranging is climbable?A scalable system according to the origin mental lexicon, is one whose size, performance or number of users can be change magnitude on demand without a penalty in cost or functionality. A secondary definition details that such a system is well designed enough to handle proportionally very elflike to very large usage and service levels almost instantly, and with no significant drop in cost effectiveness, functionality, performance or reliability. It goes on to add that scalable systems may generally utilize technologies such as self-acting load balancing, clustering and parallel processing as a federal agency to achieve the smears listed above (Business Dictionary, 2013).With respect to CRM systems (and even data mining systems), both definitions apply with equal precision and aptness to scalability because scalability deals with not only the increasing size of data sets, but also how to process them within a useful timeframe.We can go so far as to oblige that the issue of scalability in systems such as CRM are similar for performance scaling issues for Data Management in general (Piatetsky-Shapiro and Parker via Massa-Lochridge et. al., 2013). Ultimately, the scalable system is in the business of energy of digest and being able to do so with very large data sets (Olson and Shi, 2005).A system which is scalable is one which can aid in overall performance in the organization. In fact, scaling and performance are often considered together in both data mining and CRM systems (Massa-Lochridge et. al., 2013).To further emphasize and prove these points, we can look towards real life examples such as the Onyx checklist for scalability which sets the criteria as a customer management system deployed across the company that is able to support staff without any degradation in performance.Furthermore, the system must also be able to support thousands of users with sub-second response times. For it to be truly scalabl e, it needs to be a flexible CRM solution preferably one which adheres to an manufacture standard architecture which can leverage existing infrastructure. This, conjugate with efficiency and easiness of upgrading, will help to keep the total cost of self-control low now, and into the future (Onyx, 2013).Compare and contrast affinity berth and cross-selling (minimum d words). Provide real life examples and personal experiences to substantiate this analysis. Affinity localisation is a marketing tactic that is defined exactly as its component words suggest the practice of lay or placing products that endure a natural or inherent attraction or connection with each other, together.For example, a sell store may arrange their shop layout in such a way that there is a deliberate, close posture of complementary products on the shelves (Olson and Shi, 2005). Consider also, this potential real life stance where a retailer may have identified through perhaps, a Market Basket Analys is that customers who tend to buy cold care for also have been observed to purchase tissues. Similarly, the buying of coffee makers may be strongly cor link with the purchase of ground coffee. It therefore makes smack from a marketing and profitability perspective to place both these items in each set, in close proximity to each other.Cross-selling is a related and resulting concept. Where there is knowledge of products that go together, one is able to use this information to create cross-selling opportunities through marketing the complementary product (Olson and Shi, 2005 Microstrategy, 2013 and Tsai, 2010).Apart from positioning products on shelves like a grocery store king do, retail stores for example, can be seen to rely upon publicize to create this connection within the purchasers legal opinion. A buyer of suits for instance, may notice the sale of shirts and ties from posters and advertising stands on shop windows and outside the door, respectively. In terms of technol ogy, we may observe computer stores selling laptops while encouraging customers to purchase accessories or peripherals like casings, screen protectors and external hard drives concurrently.While both strategies have always been applied by the clever retailer, today data line of battle (e.g. generated from cash register data) and automated data mining tools provide them with a yet unmatched ability to even identify the less evaluate and less obvious product affinities and cross-selling possibilities. Sellers are now able to use current technology to look at customers purchase history and target marketing operations specifically to their individual and group needs and wants (Olson and Shi, 2005).A Customer Cross-Cell Analysis can be employed to identify customers who might be interested in purchasing complementary products and services to those which have already been bought previously (MicroStrategy, 2013). Indeed, sales and marketing managers have long relied on the cross-sell ana lysis to create more efficient marketing projects, thereby producing increase revenue with less resources through focused efforts.A customer cross-sell analysis typically begins with using data mining techniques and tools to determine which product pairs (product affinity) are frequently purchased by a significant number of customers. From here, an organization can then identify which customers bought one but not both products or services. By executing this second stage, we can now know who these customers are and hence target them specifically thereby reducing total advertising campaign costs, increasing response rates and finally and most importantly, create increased sales (MicroStrategy, 2013 Olson and Shi, 2005 and Tsai, 2010).One point worth mentioning, is a key but related concept to both affinity positioning and cross-selling, which is upselling (also often referred to as up-selling or up selling). This feigns searching for opportunities to sell an improved, higher grade or generally more expensive latest product to the consumer. sack back to the example of the computer store, a staff member who tries to upsell to a new or returning customer may sing the p spring ups of another, higher-end model of laptop which may have more features the client may think useful, thus hoping to create a more profitable sale.In my own, personal experience in a hospital setting affinity positioning is seen for example, in the maternity ward where New Mother and Baby occupy Training hospital sponsored classes or their adverts are held or displayed in an subject close by, thus encouraging expecting women to come back to the hospital after delivery to take advantage of this value added service.In doing so, the hospital then creates a cross-selling opportunity by ensuring additional services such as pediatrician care for babies or postpartum care for mothers are distinctly advertised via a targeted campaign.Finally, upselling is also seen in this ward via examples suc h as when staff offer mothers increased comfort and privacy with the option of upgrading overlap rooms to private ones.Identify and discuss some potential honourable mishandling when it comes to cross-selling. Some of the more commonly known ethical issues to watch for in cross-selling, as well as in general marketing embroil but are not limited to Intentionally trying to sell sub-par goods or services to the client in a bid to create a sale, when aware of the quality deficiency. Related to the above, is the deliberate misrepresentation of goods or services, in both cross-selling and otherwise.Incessantly contacting existing or potential clients without try for in order to cross-sell products or services. The refusal to respond to, acknowledge or correct customer complaints after a sale has taken place be it cross-selling or initial sales. An unclear privacy policy which may involve personal details being distributed or sold. An unclear after sales policy which may involve the placement of deliberate loopholes for the sellers to have an advantage. Again, this point can be attributed to both regular sales and cross-selling issues.With regards to issues more specific to cross-selling, research has revealed that certain service sectors may be affected by ethical mishandlings and / or concerns more than others. In particular, it is revealed that situations regarding cross selling in hospitals situations to do with plastic operating theater and cross-selling targeted towards the cured, have all been widely discussed in recent years and may be cause for action.With respect to cross-selling in hospitals, an example which can be seen is that ethical issues often arise when medicine, equipment or checkup product reps all too easily ignore or forget that they are supposed to have the hospitals, doctors, medical staffs and patients needs at heart attempting to create sales based on the pharmaceutical companies incentives and profit margins instead.When this happ ensIt ignores the indispensableness of consultative selling, which involves proper questioning techniques. It fails to connect the customer on a value level. In essence, its not selling at all its simply peddling (Francis, 2008).The literature available also suggests that there have been events with respect to aesthetic plastic surgery which again raise the question of ethics mishandling and cross-selling. Concerns here include examples such as cross-selling and pack cosmetic surgery and procedures as attractive package deals whether they be requisite or not (Fatah, 2011), or the rise of incidences such as patients having undergone bureau found removals or replacements being bullied or pressured into buying additional surgery such as nipple lifts (mastopexy). In addition, these cross-selling strategies may be coupled with other marketing tactics such as time-limited offers from their clinics, resulting in misgiving and customers feeling the need to respond instead of taking t ime out to heal after surgery (BAAPS, 2012).Finally, in terms of targeting the elderly for cross-selling certain products and services which may be deemed unethical one may deal to consider the unethical and dishonest conduct of promoting and selling expensive annuities to elderly customers, the market targeting done here because the elderly may be seen as easy targets (Litterick, 2005).There have been cases of banks which have been accused employing cross-selling practices such as referring existing, elderly customers who come in for separate bank services, to stockbrokers who in turn sold them variable annuities that are often considered un adequate for older people because they can be expensive and do not pay out quickly (Litterick, 2005). This was often found to be due to the fact that service staff were receiving incentives for doing so.In response to such cases, Banner (2011), maintains thatImproper cross-selling cross-selling of products to earn a fee or a commission that does not truly benefit the clients quality of life on a long-term basis is wrong, unethical and immoral (Banner, 2011).He does go on to ascertain however, that the cross-selling of a product or service which truly is suitable to them meaning to say it can benefit and / or protect the client appropriately, is well worth considering (Banner, 2011).As a final note on the ethics of cross-selling, to avoid ethical dilemmas and mishandling, it is prudent to keep in mind often that the key to effective cross-selling can be boiled down to mutual benefit on the parts of both the selling and buying parties, and suitability, suitability, suitability (Banner, 2011 Francis, 2008 and NRMLA, 2008).ReferencesBAAPS The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (2012, February 10). Cross-selling to breast implant scandal victims immoral. The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons. Retrieved February 26, 2013, from http//www.baaps.org.uk/about-us/press-releases/1136-cross-selling -to-breast-implant-scandal-victimes-immoral Banner, M. (2011, May). Originating biography at Home Brings Peace of Mind. The Reverse Review. Retrieved from http//www.reversereview.com/magazine/3862-living-at-home-brings-peace-of-mind.html Business Dictionary (2013). What is scalable? Definition and meaning. In BusinessDictionary.com Online Business Dictionary. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/scalable.html Coppock, D. S. (2002, June 21). Why Lift? Information Management. Retrieved February 24, 2013, from http//www.information-management.com/password/5329-1.html CRM Magazine (2010, February 19). What Is CRM? CRM Magazine. destinationCRM.com The leading resource for Customer Relationship Management from the editors of CRM magazine. Retrieved February 24, 2013, from http//www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/CRM-News/Daily-News/What-Is-CRM-46033.aspx Fatah, F. (2011, May 5). BBC News A little lipo with your facial, madam?. BBC Homepage. Ret rieved February 26, 2013, from http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13228094 Francis, P. T. (2008). Cross-Selling Your Hospitals Capabilities. Clinical Laboratory Sales Training with dig Francis. Retrieved February 26, 2013, from http//www.clinlabsales.com/pdf/Cross-Selling-092508.pdf Goodhue, D. L., Wixom, B. H., & Watson, H. J. (2002). Realizing Business Benefits through CRM Hitting the Target in the Right Way. MIS every quarter Executive, 1(2), 79

English as a Second Language Essay

Originally, Englands linguistic changes made position the randomness vocabulary and all over the years, spot language article of belief has undergone a lot of erratic changes. spectral schools have greatly influenced the moral and cultural framing of English at this point in time. UK was as well as the center of developmental English teaching during World War II. Pioneers such as Harold Palmer, Michael West and Lawrence Fawcett triumphed in groundwork principled basis for teaching English as a second language. These strategies and methodologies derived from teaching of English on Great Britain were adjoined with other existing forms from overseas settings.In general, English is the first and widely taught contrary or second language and is considered as a medium language for education. Today, it is a earthy context to learn or study to a greater extent than two languages. pope stated, English represents access to specific intimacy and skills and hunt downs to be identi fied with the engine room and science as well as the economic and cultural models of the new-made 32). Different approaches such as communication, verbiage and grammar are functiond in teaching English as a second language.Learning also depends on the fluency level aim, if it is purposely learnt for specific tasks or if the prentice wants to achieve a aborigine intercommunicate tongue. English and other foreign languages can be mastered through live encounters or cross-cultural communication and study or technical translation. Early introduction of English in schools poses an academic advantage when it comes to learning the language. Basically, background knowledge of English and other foreign language is one of the most alpha things to consider. reading material is a cardinal skill in learning. It enhances metalinguistic awareness but for any(prenominal) reason, it can become a hindrance and a false knowledge. Students tend to enjoy meaningful conversation more than teache rs theoretical strategies of detailed vocabulary and grammar lessons and this causes the problem in comprehension. Since some students do not deliberately revolve about on their reading skills and focus more on conversing, grapple ground is not achieved and it is merely viewed as a plain reading.Children at a very young age study two or more foreign languages and sometimes, English is rather a third language. Schools and educators sometimes block to pay attention over the verity that it could be too a good deal for young children to learn multiple languages all at the same time. For universities that use English for substantial academic paper works and materials, reading is crucial. just now every teacher and learner should focus on the remaining language skills listening, sermon, writing, and assessment, even if these are all adjunct to the capital skill that is reading.It is important for the teacher to have a considerable degree of attention towards the native language of the learner because native language plays a vital office staff in understanding a foreign language. English is the universal language. In some instances, teachers also experience difficulty expressing thoughts in English and this indicates that it is awkward to achieve proficiency even if an individual has the basic and complex knowledge of the language.Teachers and educators goal should not be for the learners to achieve a native speaking tongue that flawlessly pronounces tones and speaks vocabulary and grammar perfectly. The ultimate goal is for students to learn how to listen, speak, economize and read in English in a manner of complete comprehension and not necessarily to acquire a native speaking tongue.Works CitedPope, Rob. The English studies book an introduction to language, literature and culture. 2002). Routledge. 420 Smith, Richard C. Wren and Wyatt. 2003). Routledge.

Your development and Environmental Influences

The personal development as a baby bird had an impact of my favorable perception as an prominent that provided me with a signified of awareness of culture. The family neighborly building block experienced at squirthood provided a syllabus that interacted with siblings and a mother and mother. The positive and negative affinitys between siblings produced a challenging environment for mixer learning. The atmosphere was unbalance that could also be delineate as fractured during the nearly intense interaction with family members. The relationships between my mother and get provided a stern perception of leadership and organization within the family unit (Winnicott, 2003).The perceived leadership and organization model my parents incorporated showcased my mother rattling unsocialable and connecting to her babyren. This in part relationship created an uneasy atmosphere that moderate the social connectivity with outside members of the family. An ongoing challenge for devel opment was to take what was not pr superstar as child into adulthood. The relationship with my mother was focusing on the loot and simplyter of survival. Those areas of focus were keeping food on the table and a place to call home that did not include a social connection with her children.In doing so, the skills needed to learn how to connect and interpret behavioral trends were not development as a child. The terminology opportunity that usually begins during childhood didnt offer much of advancement. Mainly, the reason for the particular(a) language skills was due to my mother being raised in a underage town that had limited resources or highly educated people. Therefore, the need to pass on learning strong language was not encourage or sought after to better the existence of her children. The relationship with my father was limited as well as to develop critical social indistinguishability development that he was hardly around.The limited interaction provided a nose ou t of loss to self identity element and the self concept due to no real foundation developed with my father. The relationship was not a consisted link up between my mother and father because there was no parallel beingness of social building towards their children. Instead, my father felt that my mother should lead and tell on the decisions of connecting with the children to present a hard approach at all times. My father would take the occasionally approach to put his foot down but were more interested in other matters that centered on his existence.The family unit experience was a major deficient in the social identity development needed for the egress of an individual. The interactions between family members instill the psycho-social-culture environment that translates adulthood. The limited social building relationships as a child provided my teenage age quite difficult due to trying to understanding the definition of the valet de chambre being. The combination of the rela tionships between my families provided an incorrect prism of the actual world that was turn as an older age approached.The fundamental bum of social variant is the understanding of how our family structure is one out of many ingredients to defining who we very are as individuals. In addition, the family unit is consequential only on the basis for providing an identity to how adults and children interact that are genetic related. This biological relationship poses an in-depth psycho-social-culture awareness to making sure the trends, styles perceptions are embedded in ones mind. Moreover, the benefit of the family unit impression on a child is an opportunity to redefine ones individual perception on other people as well as experiences (Winnicott, 2003).The developmental psychology stage is crucial to allowing the child to grow as an adult with the basis of the family unit influence, however, the experiences subsequent on in life provides a run into to create a sunrise(prenom inal) reality. The stages of individuals development that opens up a perception windfall to present a newer understanding to social skills that encourages the needed growth for long-term achievement. The benefit of understanding the roles that our family units play in the beginning actually empowers us to being able to restructure later years of maturity.In reaching the plateau of achievement for social growth is the number of experiences that human beings encounter that has additional impact as the family unit. The overall focus of what our mother and father did not do is not as important as compared to allowing newer experiences to redirect our mindset. The core vision to be cogitate on is the ability to learn the lessons that our family unit as a child presented and provide a deeper psychology terminology that doesnt limits the journey (Winnicott, 2003).The most influential groups that assisted in the growth of social developmental growth is the church, community organizatio ns, school parenting groups of development, and toastmasters. The organizations provided an opportunity to grow as child, teenager, and later on as an adult that empowered my mindset. The benefits of associating with the organizations provided a sense of what is most important to human growth that learning something new that is different than something is a not bad(predicate) thing.The overall perception also allowed a chance to redefine what was shown and taught as a child to create a different observation. The experiences as an adult introduced new and exciting individuals that opened up a wonderful jut to what was true and not a false pretense. Furthermore, the connection of meeting new people and experiencing new episodes of life provided a wealth of new understanding. The lowest analysis is that the key is having the willingness to learning a new perspective of social interaction that nurtures ones human growth.